The evolving regional transport planning: the case of Piedmont region
A tribute to the work of Sergio Cristoforo Bertuglia
Abstract
An overview of the four Regional Transport Plans (RTPs) laid out in Piedmont since the late 1970s is presented. Three different although interwoven perspectives of analysis are proposed. The first perspective, denoted as functional, takes into account the principal functions of transport planning and outlines their changes across the regional plans. The second, labelled as organizational, adopts a system based view of transport planning and shows how, over time, the organization of the activities has become progressively more complex. The third perspective, called knowledge based, highlights some salient features of the approaches which have been applied during the forty years of the regional planning activities. The knowledge based perspective, in particular, allows us to appreciate Sergio Cristoforo Bertuglia’s contributions to the investigation of the Piedmont transport system and to the development of effective modelling tools to support policy activities. A claim is made that these arguments are particularly relevant for the so-called reflexive dimension of transport planning which cuts across the other two main dimensions, the theoretical and procedural. Developing the reflexive dimension, in fact, is a major challenge in today planning efforts oriented at sustainability.
Downloads
References
Acheampong, R.A. & Silva, E.A. (2015). Land use–transport interaction modeling: A review of the literature and future research directions. The Journal of Transport and Land Use, 8(3), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.806
Adenaw, L. & Bachmeier, Q. (2022). Generating Activity-Based Mobility Plans from Trip-Based Models and Mobility Surveys. Applied Sciences, 12(17), 8456. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178456
Arentze, T. A. & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2004). A learning-based transportation oriented simulation system. Transportation Research. Part B: Methodological, 38 (7), 613-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2002.10.001
Axhausen, K.W. & Gärling, T. (1992). Activity-based approaches to travel analysis. Conceptual frameworks, models and research, problems. Transport Reviews, 12(4), 323-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441649208716826
Batten, D., Bertuglia, C.S., Martellato, D. & Occelli, S., (Eds.) (2000). Learning, Innovation and the Urban Evolution. Dordrecht: Kluwer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4609-2
Batty, M. (2008), Fifty Years of Urban Modelling: Macro Statics to Micro Dynamics, In: S. Albeverio, D. Andrey, P. Giordano & A. Vancheri (Eds.). The Dynamics of Complex Urban Systems: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1-20, Heidelberg, DE: Physica-Verlag.
Bhat, C.R. & Koppelman, F.S. (2003). Activity-Based Modeling of Travel Demand. In: R. V. Hall (Ed.). Handbook of Transportation Science, 39-65, New York: Kluwer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/b101877
Bellomo M. & Occelli, S. (2000). Simulating accessibility by SWARM. In: G. Ballot & G. Weisbuch G. (Eds.). Applications of Simulation to Social Sciences, 141-154. Paris: Hermes.
Bennett, J.G. (1963). What is time. Systematics, 1(2), 180-181. https://www.systematics.org/journal/vol1-2/What%20is%20Time.htm
Bertuglia, C.S. (1991). La città come sistema. In: C.S. Bertuglia & A. La Bella (a cura di). I sistemi urbani: teorie, modelli e strumenti di governo, 301-390, Milano: Angeli.
Bertuglia, C.S., Bianchi, G. and Mela, A. (Eds.) (1998). The City and its Sciences. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-95929-5
Bertuglia C.S., Clarke G.P. & Wilson A.G. (Eds.) (1994). Modelling The City. Performance, policy and planning. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203038390
Bertuglia C.S., Fischer M.M. & Preto G. (Eds.) (1995). Technological Change, Economic Development and Space. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-642-79760-6
Bertuglia, C.S., Gallino, T. & Tadei, R. (1984). SMIT- Sistema di modelli integrati di trasporto. Procedura per l’uso: manuale e software, WP 44, IRES, Torino.
Bertuglia, C.S., Gualco, I, Occelli, S., Rabino, G.A., Salomone, C. & Tadei, R. (1986). Residential location and dynamics urban processes: theoretical aspects and modelling. Sistemi Urbani, 2/3,197-218.
Bertuglia, C.S. & La Bella, A. (a cura di) (1991). I sistemi urbani: teorie, modelli e strumenti di governo. Milano: Angeli.
Bertuglia, C.S., Leonardi, G., Occelli, S., Rabino, G.A., Tadei, R. & Wilson, A.G. (1987). Urban and Regional Systems: Contemporary Approaches to Modelling. London: Croom Helm.
Bertuglia, C.S., Leonardi, G., Wilson, A.G. (Eds.) (1990). Urban Dynamics: Designing an Integrated Model. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315822617
Bertuglia, C.S., Lombardo, S. & Nijkam, P. (Eds.) (1997). Innovative Behaviour in Space and Time. Advances in Spatial Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-642-60720-2_8.
Bertuglia, C.S., Occelli, S. & Rabino, G.A. (1992). Modellistica e valutazione nella pianificazione dei trasporti. Problemi metodi e software. In: L. Bianco & A. La Bella (a cura di). Strumenti quantitativi per l’analisi dei sistemi di trasporto, 151-190. Milano: Angeli.
Bertuglia, C.S., Occelli, S., Rabino, G.A. & Tadei R. (1980). A model of urban structure and development of Turin: theoretical aspects. Sistemi Urbani, 2, 59-90.
Bertuglia, C.S., Rabino, G.A & Tadei, R. (1988). I modelli matematici e la valutazione dei piani. Atti della IX Conferenza di Scienze Regionali, 803-845.
Bertuglia, C.S., Stanghellini, A. & Staricco, L. (a cura di) (2003). La diffusione urbana: tendenze attuali, scenari futuri. Milano: Angeli.
Bertuglia, C.S. & Staricco, L. (2000). Complessità, autorganizzazione, città. Milano: Angeli.
Bertuglia, C.S. & Vaio, F. (a cura di) (1998). La città e le sue scienze, Collana dell’Associazione delle scienze regionali. Milano: Angeli.
Bertuglia, C.S. & Vaio, F. (2003). Non linearità, caos, complessità. Il ruolo della matematica nel rappresentare i fenomeni che cambiano. Torino: Bollati e Boringhieri.
Bertuglia, C.S. & Vaio, F. (2011). Complessità e modelli. Torino: Bollati e Boringhieri.
Bertuglia, C.S. & Vaio, F. (2019). Il fenomeno urbano e la complessità. Torino: Bollati e Boringhieri.
Bertuglia, C.S. & Vaio, F. (2023). La città dopo la pandemia Il fenomeno urbano e la complessità. Torino: Bollati e Boringhieri
Birkin, M. (2021), Microsimulation. In: W. Shi, M.F. Goodchild, M. Batty, M.-P. Kwan & A. Zhang (Eds.). Urban Informatics, 845- 864, Singapore: Springer. Https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_44
Cascetta, E., Cartenì, A., Pagliara, F. & Montanino, M. (2015). A new look at planning and designing transportation systems: A decision-making model based on cognitive rationality, stakeholder engagement and quantitative methods. Transport Policy, 38, 27-39. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.11.005
Castiglione, J., Bradley, M. & Gliebe, J. (2015). Activity-based travel demand modeling: A primer (report S2-C46-RR-1). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
Clarke, G.P. & Wilson, A.G. (1994), A new geography of performance indicators for urban planning. In Bertuglia, C.S., Clarke, G.P. & Wilson, A.G. (Eds.), Modelling the city. Performance, policy and planning, 55-81, London: Routledge.
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (1998). La ricerca sui trasporti per la riduzione dei consumi energetici e delle emissioni inquinanti. Conferenza Nazionale Energia Ambiente, Roma 25-28 Novembre, 1998. http://eprints.bice.rm.cnr.it/ 7328/1/1_Ricerca_trasporti_rapportoCNEA-1.pdf
Donnadieu G. & Karsky M. (2002). La systémique, penser et agir dans la complexité. Paris: Liaisons.
Elzen B., Geels F., Hofman P. & Green K. (2004). Socio-Technical Scenarios as a Tool for Transition Policy - An Example from the Traffic and Transport Domain. In: B. Elzen, F.W. Geels & K. Green (Eds.). System Innovation and the Transition to Sustainability: Theory, Evidence and Policy, 251-281, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Epstein, J.M. (2006). Remarks on the Foundations of Agent-Based Generative Social Science. In: L. Tesfatsion & K.L. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of Computational Economics, Volume 2, 1585-1604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0021(05)02034-4.
European Union Council of Ministers for Transport and Communications (2001). Strategy for Integrating Environment and SustainableDevelopment into the Transport Policy. 2340th Meeting, Luxembourg, April 4–5, 2001. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_PRES-01-131_en.htm?locale=enForrester J.W, (1969), Urban Dynamics. Cambridge mass: MIT press.
Gargiulo, C., Pinto, V. & Zucaro, F. (2012). City and mobility: towards an integrated approach to resolve energy problems. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 5(2), 23-54. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/920
Gärling, T., Laitila, T. & Westin, K. (Eds.) (1998). Theoretical Foundations of Travel Choice Modeling. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
Geels, F.W., Sovacool, B.K., Schwanen, T. & Sorrell, S. (2017). The Socio-Technical Dynamics of Low-Carbon Transitions. Joule, 1(3), 463-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2017.09.018
Giuffrida, N., Le Pira, M., Inturri, G. & Ignaccolo M. (2019). Mapping with Stakeholders: An Overview of Public Participatory GIS and VGI in Transport Decision-Making. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(4):198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040198
Goulias, K.G. (Ed.) (2003). Transportation systems planning: methods and applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Goulias, K.G. (2018). Travel behavior models. In: D. R. Montello (Ed.). Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography, 56-73, Elgaronline. https://doi.org/ 10.4337/9781784717544.00010
Guida, N. (2023). Energy transition: pinning down the gaps between theory and practice. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 16 (2), 469-472. http://dx.doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/10041
Hägerstrand, T. (1970). What about People in Regional Science?. Papers of the Regional Science Association, 24, 7–2.
Hensher, D.A. & Button, K.J. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of Transport Modelling. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780857245670
Horni, A., Nagel, K. & Axhausen, K.W. (2016). Introducing MATSim. In: A. Horni, K. Nagel & K.W. Axhausen (Eds.). The Multi-Agent Transport Simulation MATSim, 3-8. London: Ubiquity Press. https://doi.org/10.5334/baw.1
Huang, J., Cui, Y., Zhang, L., Tong, W., Shi, Y. & Liu, Z. (2022). An Overview of Agent-Based Models for Transport Simulation and Analysis. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022. https://doi.org/ 10.1155/2022/1252534
Innes, J. E. & Booher D.E. (2003). Collaborative policymaking: governance through dialogue. In: M.A. Hajer & H. Wagenaar H. (Eds.). Deliberative Policy Analysis, 33-59, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Innes, J.E. & Gruber, J. (2001). Bay Area Transportation Decision Making in the Wake of ISTEA: Planning Styles in Conflict at the Metropolitan Transportation Commission. https://escholarship.org/uc/ item/7ck5n59x
Kauffman, L.H. (2009). Reflexivity and Eigenform. The Shape of Process. Constructivist Foundations, 4(3), 121-137. http://constructivist.info/12/3/246
Kooiman, J., Bavinck, M., Chuenpagdee, R., Mahon, R. & Pullin, R. (2008). Interactive governance and governability: an introduction. Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 7(1), 1-11. http://www.journal-tes.dk/vol_7_no_1/no_2_%20jan.ht
Landini, S. & Occelli, S. (2021). A Complexity Inspired Tool for Thinking Together in Sustainable Transport Planning. In: P. Sajous & C. Bertelle (Eds.). Complex Systems, Smart Territories and Mobility, 71-90. Cham, CH: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59302-5
Le Moigne, J.L. (2006). La théorie du système général: théorie de la modélisation. Collection Les Classiques du Réseau Intelligence de la Complexité. http://www.mcxapc.org /inserts/ouvrages/0609tsgtm.pdf
Liu, X., Payakkamas, P., Dijk, M. & de Kraker, J. (2023). GIS Models for Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning: Current Use, Future Needs and Potentials. Future Transportation, 3(1), 384–402. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp3010023
Lowry, I.S. (1964). A Model of a Metropolis. Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation.
Lyons, G. & Davidson, C. (2016). Guidance for transport planning and policymaking in the face of an uncertain future. Transportation Research Part A, 88, 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.11.002
Lyons, G. & Marsden, G. (2021) Opening out and closing down: the treatment of uncertainty in transport planning’s forecasting paradigm. Transportation, 48, 595–616 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10067-x
Macharis, C. & Bernardini, A. (2015). Reviewing the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for the evaluation of transport projects: Time for a multi-actor approach. Transport Policy, 37C, 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.11.002
Marsden, G. & McDonald, N.C. (2019). Institutional issues in planning for more uncertain futures. Transportation. 46, 1075–1092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9805-z
Mazzeo, G. (2013). City and Energy Infrastructures between Economic Processes and Urban Planning. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 6(3), 311-324. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/1929
McFadden, D. (2000). Disaggregate Behavioral Travel Demand’s RUM Side. A 30-Year Retrospective. https://eml.berkeley.ed:u/wp/mcfadden0300.pdf
Mehdizadeh, M., Nordfjaern T. & Klöckner, C.A. (2022). A systematic review of the agent-based modelling/simulation paradigm in mobility transition. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 184, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122011
Miller, E.J. (2018a). Accessibility: measurement and application in transportation planning. Transport Reviews, 38 (5), 551-555. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2018.1492778
Miller, E.J. (2018b). Integrated urban modeling: Past, present, and future. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11(1), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1273
Miller, E. J. (2018c). The case for microsimulation frameworks for integrated urban models. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11(1), 1025-103. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1257
Miller, E.J. (2018d). Travel Demand Models, The Next Generation: Boldly Going Where No-One Has Gone. https://uttri.utoronto.ca/files/2018/12/1-EJMiller_Research-Day_Dec-13-18.pdf
Moeckel, R., Garcia, C.L., Chou A.T.M. & Okrah, M.B. (2018). Trends in integrated land-use/transport modeling: An evaluation of the state of the art. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 11 (1), 463-476. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2018.1205
Mokhtarian, P.L. & Tal, G. (2013). Impacts of ICT on travel behavior: A tapestry of relationships. In: J.-P. Rodrigue, T. Notteboom & J. Chap (Eds.). Sage Handbook of Transport Studies, Chapter 14. https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/hdbk_transportstudies. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446247655.n14
Montello, D.R (Ed.) (2018). Handbook of Behavioral and Cognitive Geography. Elgaronline. https://doi.org/ 10.4337/9781784717544 9781784717544
McNally, M. (2008). The Four Step Model. Irvine, CA: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Institute of Transportation Studies University of California, UCI-ITS-AS-WP-07-2. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0r75311t
McNally, M. & Rind, C.R. (2008). The Activity Based Approach. Irvine, CA: Department of Civil and environmental Engineering and Institute of Transportation Studies University of California, UCI-ITS-AS-WP-07-1. https://escholarship.org/uc/ item/86h7f5v0
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (2022a). Programmatic Issues of Future System Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26802
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2022b). Accessibility Measures in Practice: A Guide for Transportation Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26793
Occelli, S. (2002). Facing Urban Complexity: Towards Cognitive Modelling. Part 1: Modelling as a Cognitive Mediator, Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography. https://doi.org/10.4000/cybergeo.4179
Occelli, S. (2018). A Meta model of regional transportation planning: the case of Piedmont. In A. Leone & C. Gargiulo (Eds.). Environmental and territorial modelling for planning and design, 509-530, Napoli: FedOAPress. https://doi.org/10.6093/978-88-6887-048-5
Occelli S. (2019). Information exchanges in policy-oriented socio-technical systems: insights from Piedmont, Italy. In. R. Lajarge, L. Cailly, A. Ruas & G. Saez G. (Eds.). Demande(s) territoriale(s), 219-230, Paris: Karthala.
OECD(2018). Rethinking Urban Sprawl: Moving Towards Sustainable Cities. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/environment/tools-evaluation/policy-highlights-rethinking-urban-sprawl.pdf
Ortúzar, J.de R. & Willumsen, L.G. (2011). Transport Planning. Chichester: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119993308
Papa, R., Angiello G. & Carpentieri, G. (2017). Il Governo del Sistema Integrato Città-Trasporti-Energia. Napoli: FedOAPress. https://doi.org/10.6093/978-88-6887-013-3
Papa, R., Gargiulo, C., Cristiano, M., Di Francesco, I. & Tulisi, A. (2015). Less Smart More City. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 8(2), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/3012
Papa, E., Silva, C., te BrÖmmelstroet, M. & Hull, A. (2016). Accessibility instruments for planning practice: A review of European experiences. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9(3), 57-75. https://doi.org/ 10.5198/jtlu.2015.585
Partanen, J. (2022). Learning From the Self-Organizing Universe: Towards Evolutionary E-Planning. In C. Nunes Silva (Ed.). Trends and Innovations in Urban E-Planning. 219-245. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9090-4.ch010
Pas, E.I. (1996). The urban transportation planning process. In: S. Hanson S. (Ed.). The Geography of Urban Transportation, 53-80, New York, NY: the Guilford Press.
Ravagnan, C., Cerasoli, M. & Amato, C. (2022). Post-Covid cities and mobility. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 87-100. https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/8652
Regione Piemonte (1979). Piano Regionale dei Trasporti, DCR 19 dicembre n. 32-8700.
Regione Piemonte (1997). 2 Piano Regionale Trasporti e Comunicazioni, adottato DGR 1 settembre 1997 n.184-22201.
Regione Piemonte (2004). 3 Piano Regionale Trasporti e Comunicazioni, (proposta di deliberazione), DCR dicembre 2004 n. 546.
Regione Piemonte (2018). Il Piano Regionale della Mobilità e dei Trasporti, DCR 16 gennaio 2018 n. 256-2458. https://www.regione.piemonte.it/web/temi/mobilita-trasporti/pianificazione-della-mobilita-dei-trasporti/piano-regionale-della-mobilita-dei-trasporti
Rich, J. (2015). Transport Models. From Theory to Practise. Lyngby, Denmark: Department of Transport, Technical University of Denmark.
Rodrigue, J. P., Comtois, C. & Slack, B. (2006). The Geography of Transport Systems. Abingdon, Oxon, USA and Canada: Routledge.
Salomon I. & Mokhtarian P.L. (2007). Can Telecommunications Help Solve Transportation Problems? A Decade Later: Are the Prospects Any Better. In: D.A. Hensher & K.J. Button K.J. (Eds.). Handbook of Transport Modelling, 519-540, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/97808572456
Sharma A., Gani A., Asirvatham D., Ahmed R., Hamzah M. & Fadhli Asli M. (2021), Travel Behavior Modeling: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(5), 774-786. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120590
Sharpe, B., A. Hodgson, G. Leicester, A. Lyon & Fazey I. (2016). Three horizons: a pathways practice for transformation. Ecology and Society, 21(2), 47. https://doi.org/ 10.5751/ES-08388-210247
Schiller, P.L., Bruun, E.C. & Kenworthy, J.R. (2010). An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation Policy, Planning and Implementation. London: Earthscan.
Tàbara, D. (2002). Sustainability Culture. Parpers de Sostenibilitat, 2, 63-85. http://www.iigov.org/gds/23/63-85.pdf
Tajaddini A., Rose G., Kockelman K.M. & Vu H.L. (2020). Recent Progress in Activity-Based Travel Demand Modeling: Rising Data and Applicability. In: S. de Luca, R. Di Pace & C. Fiori (Eds.). Models and Technologies for Smart, Sustainable and Safe Transportation Systems, 27-54, London: IntechOpen. https://doi.org/ 10.5772/intechopen.93827
Tadei, R., Bertuglia, C.S., Filardo, V., Leonardi G., Pesci, R. & Rabino, G. (1979). Una proposta metodologica per la formazione dei piani comprensoriali dei trasporti. Ricerca Operativa, 11: 69-XX.
Talia, M. (2021). The time profile of transformations in territorial governance. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 182-189. https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/7746
Terna, P., Boero, R., Morini, M. & Sonnessa, M. (a cura di) (2006). Modelli per la complessità. La simulazione ad agenti in Economia. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Transportation Research Board (2014). Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 4: Sustainability as an Organizing Principle for Transportation, Agencies. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/22379
Viegas de Lima, I., Danaf, M., de Azevedo, A., Akkinepally, C. & Ben-Akiva, M. (2018). Modeling Framework and Implementation of Activity- and Agent-Based Simulation: An Application to the Greater Boston Area. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672, 1, 146-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118798970
Vitale Brovarone E. (2010). Urban planning and mobility styles: more than a relation. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 3, 1, 55-62. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/135
Voorhrees, A. (1959). The Nature and Use of Models in City Planning. The Journal of the American Institute of Planners. XXV(2), 57-60.
Ward, D. (2001). Stakeholder involvement in transport planning: participation and power. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 19(2), 119-130, https://doi.org/10.3152/14715460178176713
Wegener, M. (1995). Current and future land-use models. In G.A. Shunk, P.L. Bass, C. A. Weatherby & L.J. Engelke (Eds.). Travel Model Improvement Program Land-Use Modeling Conference Proceedings, 13–40. Washington, DC: Travel Model Improvement Program.
Wegener, M. (2004). Overview of land-use/transport models. In: Hensher D.A., Button K.J., Haynes K.E. & Stopher P.R. (Eds.). Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems, 127-146, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Wilson A.G. (1970). Entropy in Urban and Regional Modelling. London: Pion.
Wilson, A.G. (1990). Transport. In: C.S. Bertuglia, G. Leonardi & A.G. Wilson (Eds.). Urban Dynamics, Designing an integrated model, 346-366, London: Routledge.
Whitworth, B. (2009). The Social Requirements of Technical Systems. In: Whitworth B. & De Moor A. (Eds.). Handbook of Research on Socio-Technical Design and Social Networking Systems, 3-22, Hershey PA: IGI-Global.
Copyright (c) 2023 TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)