Combining resources and conversion factors
Abstract
A growing body of recent studies involves the social effects of distributive justice in the field of transportation, which mostly can be traced back to the studies of spatial mismatches, income, or gender inequality. So, this paper seeks to address challenges related to the conceptualization of capability and proposes a new aggregated framework to draw the connection between Resources, Conversion Factors, and Capabilities as the key terms of the Capability Approach. Consequently, by classifying the resources and conversion factors to "individual characteristics," "transportation options," and "urban living environment" dimensions, the model would provide an index that expresses the level of capabilities called the Capability Index (CI). The results of scenarios evaluated in this paper demonstrate that the significant difference in the capabilities is mainly affected by car ownership and income variables with 2.214 and 0.223 Cohen's d effect size, respectively. Also, disability in the young age group causes a more significant reduction in their capability index than their old counterparts. The model demonstrates the need to highlight the capability notion and the need for improving new methods to underscore human characteristics as the focal point in urban policy-making.
Downloads
References
Akhavan, M., & Vecchio, G. (2018). Mobility and Accessibility of the Ageing Society. Defining Profiles of the Elderly Population and Neighbourhood. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5757
Banister, D., & Hickman, R. (2006). How to design a more sustainable and fairer built environment: transport and communications. IEE Proceedings - Intelligent Transport Systems, 153(4), 276-291. https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/ip-its_20060009
Battarra, R., Zucaro, F., & Tremiterra, M. R. (2018). Smart Mobility and Elderly People. Can ICT Make the City More Accessible for Everybody? TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 23–42. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5768
Beyazit, E. (2011). Evaluating Social Justice in Transport: Lessons to be Learned from the Capability Approach. Transport Reviews, 31(1), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2010.504900
Cao, M., & Hickman, R. (2019a). Understanding travel and differential capabilities and functionings in Beijing. Transport Policy, 83, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.08.006
Cao, M., & Hickman, R. (2019b). Urban transport and social inequities in neighbourhoods near underground stations in Greater London. Transportation Planning and Technology, 42(5), 419-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2019.1609215
Gargiulo, C., Zucaro, F., & Gaglione, F. (2018). A Set of Variables for the Elderly Accessibility in Urban Areas. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5738
Chikaraishi, M., Jana, A., Bardhan, R., Varghese, V., & Fujiwara, A. (2017). A framework to analyze capability and travel in formal and informal urban settings: A case from Mumbai. Journal of Transport Geography, 65, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.09.001
Hananel, R., & Berechman, J. (2016). Justice and transportation decision-making: The capabilities approach. Transport Policy, 49, 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.04.005
Hickman, R., Cao, M., Mella Lira, B., Fillone, A., & Bienvenido Biona, J. (2017). Understanding Capabilities, Functionings and Travel in High and Low Income Neighbourhoods in Manila. Social Inclusion, 5, 161-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i4.1083
Kenyon, S., Lyons, G., & Rafferty, J. (2002). Transport and social exclusion: investigating the possibility of promoting inclusion through virtual mobility. Journal of Transport Geography, 10(3), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00012-1
Martens, K. (2016). Transport Justice: Designing fair transportation systems. Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=m0yTDAAAQBAJ
Mella Lira, B. (2019a). 16 - Using a capability approach-based survey for reducing equity gaps in transport appraisal: Application in Santiago de Chile. In K. Lucas, K. Martens, F. Di Ciommo, & A. Dupont-Kieffer (Eds.), Measuring Transport Equity (pp. 247-264). Elsevier. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128148181000160
Mella Lira, B. (2019b). Why the Capability Approach can offer an alternative to transport project assessment. In A Companion to Transport, Space and Equity. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Nahmias-Biran, B.-h., Martens, K., & Shiftan, Y. (2017). Integrating equity in transportation project assessment: a philosophical exploration and its practical implications. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 192-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1276604
Nahmias-Biran, B.-h., & Shiftan, Y. (2019). Using activity-based models and the capability approach to evaluate equity considerations in transportation projects. Transportation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10015-9
Nahmias–Biran, B.-h., & Shiftan, Y. (2016). Towards a more equitable distribution of resources: Using activity-based models and subjective well-being measures in transport project evaluation. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94, 672-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.10.010
Nussbaum, M. C. (2011). Creating Capabilities. Harvard University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg7Q2V8fi8gC
Oviedo, D., & Guzman, L. A. (2020). Revisiting Accessibility in a Context of Sustainable Transport: Capabilities and Inequalities in Bogotá. Sustainability, 12(11), 4464. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114464
Papa, R. (2013). Editorial Preface. Smart Cities: Researches, Projects and Good Practices for the City. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 6(1), 3–4. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/1544
Papa, E., Carpentieri, G., & Guida, C. (2018). Measuring walking accessibility to public transport for the elderly: the case of Naples. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5766
Pereira, R. H. M., Schwanen, T., & Banister, D. (2017). Distributive justice and equity in transportation. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 170-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1257660
Randal, E., Shaw, C., Woodward, A., Howden-Chapman, P., Macmillan, A., Hosking, J., Chapman, R., Waa, A. M., & Keall, M. (2020). Fairness in transport policy: A new approach to applying distributive justice theories. Sustainability, 12(23), 10102.
Robeyns, I. (2005). The Capability Approach: a theoretical survey. Journal of Human Development, 6(1), 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/146498805200034266
Ryan, J., Wretstrand, A., & Schmidt, S. M. (2019). Disparities in mobility among older people: Findings from a capability-based travel survey. Transport Policy, 79, 177-192. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.04.016
Sen, A. (1979). Equality of What? The Tanne’r Lecture on Human Values. Delivered at Stanford University, 194-citation_lastpage= 220.
Smith, N., Hirsch, D., & Davis, A. (2012). Accessibility and capability: the minimum transport needs and costs of rural households. Journal of Transport Geography, 21, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.004 (Social Impacts and Equity Issues in Transport)
Soltani, A., Shariati, S., & Amini, A. (2016). Modelling the Shifts in Activity Centres along the Subway Stations. The Case Study of Metropolitan Tehran. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 77–94. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/3947
Tyler, N. (2006). Capabilities and Radicalism: Engineering Accessibility in the 21st century. Transportation Planning and Technology, 29(5), 331-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060600917629
Vecchio, G. (2020). Microstories of everyday mobilities and opportunities in Bogotá: A tool for bringing capabilities into urban mobility planning. Journal of Transport Geography, 83, 102652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102652
Vecchio, G., & Martens, K. (2021). Accessibility and the Capabilities Approach: a review of the literature and proposal for conceptual advancements. Transport Reviews, 0(0), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1931551
Zali, N., Rahimpoor, M., Benab, S. S., Molavi, M., & Mohammadpour, S. (2016). The distribution of public services from the perspective of sustainable spatial equality in the Tabriz Metropolitan in Iran. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 9(3), 287-304. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/3976
Copyright (c) 2022 TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)