Circular living. A resilient housing proposal

Emanuela Braì; Giovanna Mangialardi; Domenico Scarpelli

doi:10.6093/1970-9870/9068

Emanuela Braì Unisalento - Lecce https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1503-4233
Giovanna Mangialardi Politecnico di Bari https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3256-5367
Domenico Scarpelli Politecnico di Bari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-4649

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/9068

Keywords: resilience, circular economy, social housing, flexibility, housing distress

Abstract

The current climate change consequences, the migration phenomena, the pandemic, and the war affect the already unstable housing system situation. Implementing resilience is as necessary as ever to solve the existing housing crisis. In particular, a little number of housing units, lack of maintenance, the inadequacy of the heritage to the new housing needs, and weak attention to social aspects, characterize the Italian social housing system. Considering the possible powerful relationships between resilience, circular economy, and housing, this paper is aimed at determining whether and how CE principles can be applied in the social housing system to make it more resilient, adopting a qualitative research method. To this end, a model for Circular Living (CL) is proposed: it includes strategies at the building, neighbourhood/city, and territorial scales. It is extrapolated from the existing bibliography on housing system, resilience and circular economy; the analysis of the case study of south Salento together with its critical housing system and some emerging best practices. The use case of a 70s public building in Lecce is also presented. Although the CL Model is for the resilience of the social housing system in peripheral territories, future research could implement and validate the model in different contexts and systems.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Emanuela Braì, Unisalento - Lecce

Graduated cum laude in Architecture at University of Chieti-Pescara, she is Research Fellow at the Department of Innovation Engineering with expertise in Building Information Modeling, Geographic Information System and urban and territorial sustainable Planning and Management. Her research focuses on multi-scalar and interdisciplinary management of complex spatial systems and sustainable urban design. She is a consultant for several Public Administrations and Private Organizations in urban planning and sustainable mobility networks, and she is responsible for writing and managing regional, national and European research projects.

Giovanna Mangialardi, Politecnico di Bari

Graduated in Building Engineer and Architect, and Ph.D. in Complex System, she is an Adjunct Professor in Urban Planner at the Polytechnic University of Bari and in Landscape BIM at the University of Basilicata. She participates in the research activities of the national “Urban@it - Centro Nazionale di Studi per le Politiche Urbane”, of PRIN 2013 “Re-cycle Italy” and PRIN 2009 "Rehabilitation of peri-urban areas". Since 2015, she has been a research fellow at the University of Salento where she was the technical manager of the regional Innolabs project "B@ARCA - BIM at ARCA" and is responsible for writing and managing regional, national and European research projects. She is Associate Editor of the International Journal of Urban Planning and Smart City and author of several articles exploring urban planning and its sustainable, resilient, and inclusive management in an interdisciplinary way.

Domenico Scarpelli, Politecnico di Bari

Graduated, cum laude, in Architecture at Polytechnic University of Bari. He now works as a freelance architect. During his studies, he acquired knowledge of economics and social sciences; he made a traineeship at Lecce Municipality, where he studied the local need for housing and he joined Erasmus+ program at University of Sevilla, where he focused his studies on constructive aspects of architecture. Currently, he is studying Urban Regeneration and Social Innovation (U-RISE course) at IUAV University of Venice. His research interests mainly focus on both public and social housing, on the Apulian territory and on urban regeneration processes.

References

Abdelfattah, L., Deponte, D., & Fossa, G. (2022). The 15-minute city: interpreting the model to bring out urban resiliencies. Transportation Research Procedia, 330-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.12.043

Agenzia delle Entrate. (2019). Lo stock immobiliare in Italia: analisi degli utilizzi. In G. Guerrieri, & M. T. Monteduro, In Gli immobili in Italia. https://www1.finanze.gov.it/finanze/immobili/public/contenuti/immobili_2019.pdf

Bassens, D., Keblowski, W., & Lambert, D. (2020). Placing cities in the circular economy: neoliberal urbanism or spaces of socio-ecological transition? Urban Geography. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1788312

Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B., (2018). Business research methods. Oxford university press. ISBN: 9780198869443

Blackwell, T., & Bengtsson, B. (2021). The resilience of social rental housing in the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark. How institutions matter. Housing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2021.1879996

Bolici, R., Leali, G., & Mirandola, S. (2020). Reusing built heritage. Desing for the sharing economy. In S. Della Torre, S. Cattaneo, C. Lenzi, & A. Zanelli, Regeneration of the built environment from a circular economy prospective (p. 311-320). Milano: Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3

Castelli, I., Kleinhans, R., & Mugnano, S. (2019). Reframing social mix in affordable housing initiatives in Italy and in the Netherlands. Closing the gap between discourses and practices? Cities: the international journal of urban policy and planning, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.033

Cetin, S., Vincent, G., & Straub, A. (2021). Towards circular social housing: an exploration of practices, barriers and enablers. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042100

Ciarimboli, Nicholas and Brad Guy (2007). “Design for Disassembly in the built environment: a guide to cloosed-loop design and building”. In: Pennsylvania State University https://www.lifecyclebuilding.org/docs/DfDseattle.pdf

Comune di Milano (2020). Piano di Governo del Territorio (PGT). Milano. https://www.pgt.comune.milano.it/

Cottafava, Dario, and Michiel Ritzen. (2021) "Circularity indicator for residential buildings: Addressing the gap between embodied impacts and design aspects." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 164 (2021): 105120.

Czjschke, D., & Pittini, A. (2007). Housing Europe, Review of Social, Co-operative and Public Housing in the 27 EU Member States. Brusselles: CECODHAS European Social Housing Observatory. ISBN 978-92-95063-04-4

Di Biagi, P. (2001). Introduzione. In P. di Biagi, La grande ricostruzione: il piano INA casa e l'Italia degli anni Cinquanta (p. XXIII-XXVI). Roma: Donzelli Editore. EAN: 9788860365347

Di Biagi, P. (2013). Il piano INA-Casa: 1949-1963. Retrieved from: https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/il-piano-ina-casa-1949-1963_%28Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero:-Tecnica%29/

Durmisevic, E, Ö Ciftcioglu, and CJ Anumba (2006). “Knowledge Model for Assessing Disassembly Potential of structures”. In: Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Building Technology ISBN-13: 978-90-9020341-6

Esopi, G. (2018). Urban commons: social resilence experiences to increase the quality of urban system. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Issue Volume 11(2), 173-194. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5532

European Parliament (2022) Circular economy: definition, importance and benefits. Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits

Federcasa. (2020). Dimensione del disagio abitativo pre e post emergenza Covid-19. Nomisma Federcasa. http://cms.federcasa.it/download.aspx?id=9fe957dd-f413-476f-ba81-4c05cf30149e

FHS, M. (2022). Cenni di Cambiamento. Retrieved from Fondazione Housing Sociale: https://www.fhs.it/progetti/residenze/cenni-di-cambiamento/

Garrefa, F., Barbosa Villa, S., Carrer Ruman de Bortoli, K., Stevenson, F., & Barcelos Vasconcellos, P. (2021). Resilience in social housing developments through post-occupancy evaluation and co-production. Ambiente Costruìdo, 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212021000200519

Geraedts, Rob (2016). “FLEX 4.0, a practical instrument to assess the adaptive capacity of buildings”. In:Energy Procedia 96, pages 568–579 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.102

Gargiulo, C., Guida, N., & Sgambati S. (2022). NextGenerationEU in major Italian cities. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 15 (2), 287-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/9260

Gibb, K., McNulty, D., & McLaughlin, T. (2016). Risk and resilience in the Scottish social housing sector: ‘We're all risk managers’. International Journal of Housing Policy, 435-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2016.1198085

Giorgi, S., Lavagna, M., & Campioli, A. (2020). Circular economy and regeneration of building stock: policy improvements, stakeholder networking and life cycle tools. In S. Della Torre, S. Cattaneo, C. Lenzi, & A. Zanelli, Regeneration of the build environment from a circular economy perspective (p. 288-297). Milano: Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3_27

Guarino, M. (2010). Verso una nuova qualità dell'abitare: la riqualificazione dell'edilizia residenziale pubblica. Salerno: Università degli Studi di Salerno. http://elea.unisa.it/jspui/bitstream/10556/156/1/tesi%20M.%20Guarino.pdf

Habitat, P. (2020). La Caserne de Reuilly. Retrieved from Paris Habitat: fr.calameo.com/read/00426177420a9d0ac1c4a

Hammond, Geoffrey P and Craig I Jones (2008). “Embodied energy and carbon in construction materials”. In: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Energy 161.2, pages 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.87

Holz, E. D. (2016). Towards Self-Managed (Urban) Resilience. Berlino: Technische Universität Berlin. https://www.urbanmanagement.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/f6_urbanmanagement/Study_Course/student_work/2016_Masterthesis_Evandro_Holz.pdf

Izza, S., Vincent, L., & Burlat, P. (2007). An Approach for Service-Oriented Urbanism. In R. Gonçalves, J. Müller, K. Mertins, & M. Zelm, Enterprise Interoperability II (p. 879-890). Londra: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-858-6_94

Jong, d., Joss, Schraven, Zhan, & Weijnen. (2015). Sustainable–smart–resilient–low carbon–eco–knowledge cities; making sense of a multitude of concepts promoting sustainable urbanization. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.004

Kurt, B & Spence, I. (2003) Use case modeling. Addison-Wesley Professional ISBN-13: 978-0201709131

Kraatz, J. (219). Innovative approaches to building housing system resilience: a focus on the Australian social and affordable housing system. Australian Planner Vol 55 No 3-4, 174-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2019.1632361

La Borda, C. (2022). Arquitectura. Retrieved from Coperativa La Borda: http://www.laborda.coop/ca/projecte/arquitectura/

Leising, E., Quist, J., and Bocken, N.M.P., 2018. Circular economy in the building sector: three cases and a collaboration tool. Journal of Cleaner Production, 176, 976–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.010

Lodi Rizzini, C. (2013). Il social housing e i nuovi bisogni abitativi. In F. Maino, & M. Ferrara, Primo rapporto sul Welfare in Italia (p. capitolo 8). Torino: Centro di Ricerca e Documentazione Luigi Einaudi. ISBN13: 9788890941740

Mangialardi, G., Palmieri, F., Pellicani, R., & Zappatore, S. (2021). Innovazioni nelle politiche abitative. Le esperienze dell'ARCA Sud Salento. Urbanistica Informazioni, 42-44. https://www.aisre.it/wp-content/uploads/aisre/60fb06e737ed09.95122457/Zappatore.pdf

Marchesi, M., & Tweed, C. (2021). Social innovation for a circular economy in social housing. Sustainable Cities and Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102925

Marchesi, Tweed, & Gerber. (2020). Applying circular economy principles to urban housing. World sustainabe build environment conference. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/588/5/052065

Martinelli, N., Mangialardi, G., & Spadafina, G. (2020). Abitare la Puglia. Criticità e sfide per nuovi modelli abitativi nel Mezzogiorno. QuAD. ISSN 2611-4437

Marvogianni, A., Tailor, M., Davies, C., & Kolm-Murray, J. (2015). Urban social housing resilience to excess summer heat. Building Research & Information Vol.43, 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2015.991515

McKinsey, C. f. (2015). Growth within: a circular vision economy for a competitive Europe. Ellen Macarthur Foundation. https://emf.thirdlight.com/link/8izw1qhml4ga-404tsz/@/preview/1?o

Mehaffy, M., & Salìngaros, N. (2014). Verso un'architettura resiliente. Il Covile. ISSN2279–6924

Merlini, C. (2019). Demolition as a Territorial Reform Project. In S. Della Torre, C. Cattaneo, C. Lenzi, & A. Zanelli, Regeneration of the Built Environment drom a Circular Economy Perspective. Milano: Springer Open. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33256-3

Micalella, M. L. (2014). New Orleans Lezione di città resiliente. Roma: Sapienza-Università di Roma. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiLj9OE9dX6AhVwXvEDHW7gBR8QFnoECAsQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Firis.uniroma1.it%2Fretrieve%2Fhandle%2F11573%2F918288%2F329003%2FMicalella_New%2520Orleans_2014.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2eCZ02iStTgkIvRWahCjDA

Mielis, P. (2011). La valutazione della qualità globale degli edifici residenziali nella programmazione degli interventi di riqualificazione alla scala del patrimonio edilizio. Cagliari: Università degli Studi di Cagliari. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35315415.pdf

Miglietta, R., Scarpelli, D., Spadafina, G., & Susca, L. (2021). Pensare alle forme dell'abitare per i nuovi bisogni abitativi. AISRe. Lecce. https://www.aisre.it/wp-content/uploads/aisre/60fbd82982b7d4.29846176/Spadafina.pdf

Mirzahossein, H., Noferesti, V., Jin, X. (2022). Residential development simulation based on learning by agent-based model. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 15 (2), 193-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/8980

Moffatt, Sebastian and Peter Russell (2001). “Assessing the adaptability of buildings”. In: IEA Annex 31 https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/225/1/012012

Murphy, C., & Rosenfield, J. (2016). The circular economy: moving from theory to practice. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/The%20circular%20economy%20Moving%20from%20theory%20to%20practice/The%20circular%20economy%20Moving%20from%20theory%20to%20practice.ashx

NextGeneration EU. (2021). Retrieved from Unione Europea : https://europa.eu/next-generation-eu/index_it

Palvarini, P. (2006). Il concetto di povertà abitativa: rassegna in tre definizioni. Working paper del Dottorato in Studi europei urbani e locali. Università di Milano Bicocca. https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/7615/3/phd_unimib_R00763.pdf

Palvarini, P. (2010). Cara dolce casa. Come cambia la povertà in Italia dopo le spese abitative. Terza Conferenza annuale ESPAnet Italia.

Paris, S., & Bianchi, R. (2019). Ri-abitare il moderno. Macerata: Quodlibet. ISBN 9788822901927

Pittini, A. (2019). The State of housing in the EU. Bruxelles: Housing Europe. https://www.housingeurope.eu/resource-1323/the-state-of-housing-in-the-eu-2019

Porter, L., Steele, W., & Stone, W. (2018). Housing and resilience - When, for Whom and for What? A Critical Agenda. Ahousing Theory and Society vol 35, 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/14036096.2018.1492964

Predenville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N. (2017). Circular cities: mapping six cities in transition. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transition, 171-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2017.03.002

Regione Puglia (2015). PPTR- Schede d’ambito. https://pugliacon.regione.puglia.it/web/sit-puglia-paesaggio/le-schede-degli-ambiti-paesaggistici

Richter Praeger, A. (2014). Ausbauhaus Neukolln. Retrieved from Praeger Richter Architekten: praegerrichter.de/AUSBAUHAUS-NEUKOLLN-1

Shirley, G. & Jones D. (2007) The anatomy of a design theory. Association for Information Systems. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00129

Silva, J. d. (2015). City Resilience Framework. New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/City-Resilience-Framework-2015.pdf

Spadafina, G., & Scarpelli, D. (2022). L'alloggio in affitto come opportunità. Officina, p. 78-81. ISSN 2532-1218

Talia, M. (2021). The time profile of transformations in territorial governance Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 182-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/7746

Torre, C. M., Morano, P., & Tajani, F. (2017). Saving Soil for Sustainable Land Use. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030350

UNISDR, & WMO. (2012). Disaster risk and resilience. UN. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/untaskteam_undf/thinkpieces/3_disaster_risk_resilience.pdf

Yin, R. K., (1994). Case Study Research Design and Methods: Applied Social Research and Methods Series. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. ISBN-13: 978-1412960991