Characteristics and Planning Challenges of Hilltop Settlements in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria
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Published:
Jul 28, 2017
Keywords:
Jos, Hilltop Settlements, Low income, Informal Housing, Land Tenure, Infrastructure, Appropriate Planning
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Abstract
Jos Metropolis is witnessing rapid urban growth, which in turn puts pressure on development space. From a small mining town of less than 10,000 in 1920, it is now a buzzing state capital of over 1 million people. Hills and valleys that were earmarked in the 1975 and 2009 Master Plansas urban green, parks and conservation corridors are being swamped by low and medium income groups for housing developments resulting into unplanned spatial growth characterized of poor access and lack of basic infrastructure. Settlements on steep slopes and hilltops pose unique planning challenges arising from their topography, costs of construction and extension of social services and public facilities; poor drainage, irregular developments and propensity to environmental hazards. This paper analyzes physical and social characteristics of five sampled hilltop settlements in Jos metropolis. It is recommended that such settlements need special attention not only in terms of their planning but even more so in terms of their management, provision of basic services and infrastructure, integration with other parts of the city. Governments and the planning authorities should provide land for development for the urban poor at desirable locations at subsidized rate as a strategy of prohibiting housing developments on very steep slopes and difficult terrain.
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Dung-GwomJ., & JuguA. (2017). Characteristics and Planning Challenges of Hilltop Settlements in Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. UPLanD - Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, 2(2), 129-149. https://doi.org/10.6093/2531-9906/5262
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References
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Burgess, E.W. (1929). Urban Areas. In T.V. Smith & L.D. White (eds), Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research (pp. 113-138). Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press,
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Dung-Gwom, J.Y., & Oladosu, R.O. (2004). Characteristics and physical planning implications of slums in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(2), 118-127.
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Hoyt, H. (1939). The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighbourhoods in American Cities. Washington, US: Federal Housing Administration.
Ikejiofor, I. (1998). Access to land development, control and low income housing in Abuja, Nigeria: policy, politics and bureaucracy. Planning, Practice & Research, 13(3), 299-309. doi: 10.1080/02697459816085.
Jiriko, K.G. (2008). Urban master planning paradigm in Nigeria: what future? Kaduna, NG: Mba Prints and Graphics Gwari/Cameroun Road.
Krause, J. (2011). A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/regional-publications/GD-ES-deadly-cycle-Jos.pdf.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational Psychology Management, 30(3), 607-610. doi: 001316447003000308.
Lakes Region Planning Commission (2005). Regulating Developments on Steep Slopes, Hillsides and Ridges. Meredith, US: LRPC.
Lehigh Valley Planning Commission (2008). Steep Slopes: Guide/Model Regulations. Retrieved from http://www.lvpc.org/pdf/SteepSlopes.pdf.
Lohor, A.A., Dung-Gwom, J., Rikko, L.S., & Pam, H. (2013), Territoriality, Territorial Claims and Planning Challenges in a fragile Urban Setting: Jos, Nigeria. In S. Fadare, I. Nwokoro, T. Lawanson, & V. Onifade, (eds.), Emerging Issues in Urban Planning and Development (pp. 149-170). Ile-Ife, NG: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
Lohor, A.A., Dung-Gwom, J.Y., & Laka, I.S. (2015). Effect of urban polarization on the control of development in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Urbanology, 2(1), 18-34.
Ministry of Housing and Lands (2016). Mauritius Planning Policy Guidance 9: Development on Sloping Sites and Landslide Hazard Areas. Retrieved from http://housing.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/PPG%209.PDF.
Monkhouse, F. J. (1974). Principles of Geography. Ammanford, GB: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.
Nigeria National Population Commission (1998). Population Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Abuja, NG: National Population Commission, NPC.
Obateru, O.I (2005). Space Standards for Urban Development. Ibadan, NG: Penthouse Publishers.
Obateru, O.I. (2001). Basic Elements of Physical Planning. Ibadan, NG: Penthouse Publishers.
Obateru, O.I. (2001). Delimiting Built-Up Areas, Ibadan, NG: Caltop Publishers Ltd.
Okoye, C. (2013, May 6). Urbanization and Developing Sustainable Cities, Abuja as a Case Study. Retrieved from https://www.mecon.nomadit.co.uk/pub/conference_epaper_download.php5?PaperID=15084&MIMEType=application/pdf.
Olaniyan, J.A.O. (1986). The internal spatial structure of mining settlements. In Plateau Environmental Resources Development Programme, Jos – Durham Linkage, Final Report (pp. 336-341). Durham, UK & Jos, NG: Department of Geography, University of Durham (U.K.), Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos (NG).
Olshansky, R. (1996). Planning for hillside development, Environment and Development. Washington, US: American Planning Association.
Plateau Indigenous Development Association Network (2010). The History, Ownership and Establishment of Jos and Misconception about the Recurrent Jos Conflict. Jos, NG: Dan Sill Press.
Plotnicov, L. (1967). Strangers to the City; Urban Man in Jos. Nigeria. Pittsburgh, US: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Rao, P.V. (2001). Environmental Engineering. New Delhi, IN: PHI learning Pub. Ltd.
Rossi-Hansberg, E., & Wright, M.L.J. (2007). Urban structure and growth. Review of Economic Studies, 74, 597-624. doi 10.3386/w11262.
Strahler, A.H. & Strahler, A.N. (2006). Introducing Physical Geography. New York, US: John Wiley.
Ullman, E.L., & Harris, C.D. (1945). The Nature of Cities. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 22(1) 7– 77.
UN-Habitat (2005a). Urbanization Challenges in Sub-Sahara Africa. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/books/urbanization-challenges-in-sub-saharan-africa/.
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UN-Habitat (2007). Global Report on Human settlements 2007. Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. Nairobi, KE: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat (2016). World Cities Report 2016: Urbanization and Development, Emerging Futures. Nairobi, KE: UN-Habitat.
Urquhart, A.W. (1977). Planned Urban Landscapes of Northern Nigeria: A case study of Zaria. Zaria. NG: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
Wikipedia (2017, April 5). January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2011_Rio_de_Janeiro_floods_and_mudslides.
World Bank (2012). Landslides Risk Reduction Measures by the Rio de Janeiro City Government. In World Bank, Improving the Assessment of Disaster Risks to Strengthen Finance Resilience (pp. 77-91). Washington, US: World Bank.
Agbola, T. (2005). Urbanization, Physical Planning and Urban Development in the West Africa. Proceedings of Commonwealth Association of Planners Congress Agenda Setting. Workshop on Urbanization, Physical Planning and Urban Development in West Africa. Abuja, NG, May 14-15, 2006.
Alexander, M. J. (1985). An historical introduction to the reclamation of mineland on the Jos Plateau, Interim Report No. 4 Jos Plateau Environmental Resources Programme. Durham, GB; Jos, NG: Dept. of Geography University of Durham & University of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, Nigeria.
Alford, M.T, Hill, I.D, Rackham, L.J., & Puley, P. (1979). The Jos Plateau: A Survey of Environment and Land Use. Occasional Publication (New Series) N° 14. Durham, GB: Dept. of Geography, University of Durham.
Basussi, E., Chin, N., Batty, M., & Longley, P. (2010). The structure and form of urban settlements. In T. Rashed & C. Jürgens (eds), Remote Sensing of Urban and Suburban Areas (pp. 13-31). Berlin, DE: Springer Science & Business Media. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4385-7_2.
Beach, D. (1998). Cognitive Archeology and Imaginary: History of Great Zimbabwe. Current Anthropology, 39(1), 47-72. doi: 10.1086/204698.
Bingel, A.D. (1978). Jos Origins and Growth of the Town (1900-1972). Occasional Publication N° 1. Jos, NG: Department of Geography, University of Jos.
Bloch, R., Monroy, J., Fox, S. & Ojo, A. (2015). Urbanization ad Urban Expansion in Nigeria. Urbanisation Research Nigeria (URN) Research Report. London, GB: ICF International.
Burgess, E.W. (1929). Urban Areas. In T.V. Smith & L.D. White (eds), Chicago: An Experiment in Social Science Research (pp. 113-138). Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press,
Cheng, J., Masser, I., & Ottens, H. (2003). Understanding urban growth system, theories and methods. 8th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management. Sendai, JP, May 27-29, 2003.
City of Carlsbad (1998). Hillside Developments and Design Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.carlsbadca.gov/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?BlobID=24084.
City of Nanaimo (2005). Steep Slope Development Permit Area Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.nanaimo.ca/assets/Departments/Community~Planning/Publications~and~Forms/SSguidelines.pdf.
City of San Diego (1999). San Diego Municipal Code. Land Development Code, Steep Hillside Guides. Retrieved from https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/development-services/pdf/industry/landdevmanual/ldmsteephillsides.pdf
Dankani, I.M. (2003). Constraints to sustainable physical planning in Metropolitan Kano. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(3), 34-42.
De Chiara, J., & Koppelman, L. (1982). Urban Development Planning and Design Criteria. New York, US: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Doxiadis Associates International (1975). Greater Jos Master Plan: Report No 4. Jos, NG: Benue Plateau State Governments.
Dung-Gwom, J.Y. (1991). The Implementation of Procedures for Controlling Development in Jos, Nigeria, Unpub, Ph.D Thesis. Manchester, UK: Department of Planning & Landscape, University of Manchester.
Dung-Gwom, J.Y. (2007). Urban Renewal and Housing Delivery in Jos-Bukuru Metropolis. Nigerian Estate and Valuers’ Mandatory Continuous Professional Development Programme (MCPDP). Jos, NG, October 25, 2007.
Dung-Gwom, J.Y. (2008). Nature of peri-urban development in Jos, Nigeria. XXXVI IAHS World Congress on Housing, National Housing Programme - New Vision. Kolkata, IN, November 3-7, 2008.
Dung-Gwom, J.Y., & Oladosu, R.O. (2004). Characteristics and physical planning implications of slums in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(2), 118-127.
Dung-Gwom, J.Y., & Rikko, L.S. (2009). Urban violence and emerging housing Markets in Jos, Nigeria. International Sociological (ISA) Housing Conference. Glasgow, GB, September 1-4, 2009.
Ehret, C. (2002). A Civilization of Africa: A History to 1800. Oxford, GB: James Currey Publishers.
Fola Konsult Ltd (2009) Greater Jos Master plan. Plateau State, Government of Nigeria.
Freund, B. (1981). Capital and Labour in the Nigerian Tin Mines. London, GB: Longman.
Harris, D., & Ullman, E.L. (1945). The Nature of Cities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 242, 7-17.
Higazi, A. (2011). The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy. Abuja, NG: Fredrich Ebert Stiftung.
Hoyt, H. (1939). The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighbourhoods in American Cities. Washington, US: Federal Housing Administration.
Ikejiofor, I. (1998). Access to land development, control and low income housing in Abuja, Nigeria: policy, politics and bureaucracy. Planning, Practice & Research, 13(3), 299-309. doi: 10.1080/02697459816085.
Jiriko, K.G. (2008). Urban master planning paradigm in Nigeria: what future? Kaduna, NG: Mba Prints and Graphics Gwari/Cameroun Road.
Krause, J. (2011). A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Retrieved from http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/regional-publications/GD-ES-deadly-cycle-Jos.pdf.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational Psychology Management, 30(3), 607-610. doi: 001316447003000308.
Lakes Region Planning Commission (2005). Regulating Developments on Steep Slopes, Hillsides and Ridges. Meredith, US: LRPC.
Lehigh Valley Planning Commission (2008). Steep Slopes: Guide/Model Regulations. Retrieved from http://www.lvpc.org/pdf/SteepSlopes.pdf.
Lohor, A.A., Dung-Gwom, J., Rikko, L.S., & Pam, H. (2013), Territoriality, Territorial Claims and Planning Challenges in a fragile Urban Setting: Jos, Nigeria. In S. Fadare, I. Nwokoro, T. Lawanson, & V. Onifade, (eds.), Emerging Issues in Urban Planning and Development (pp. 149-170). Ile-Ife, NG: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
Lohor, A.A., Dung-Gwom, J.Y., & Laka, I.S. (2015). Effect of urban polarization on the control of development in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Contemporary Urbanology, 2(1), 18-34.
Ministry of Housing and Lands (2016). Mauritius Planning Policy Guidance 9: Development on Sloping Sites and Landslide Hazard Areas. Retrieved from http://housing.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/PPG%209.PDF.
Monkhouse, F. J. (1974). Principles of Geography. Ammanford, GB: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd.
Nigeria National Population Commission (1998). Population Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Abuja, NG: National Population Commission, NPC.
Obateru, O.I (2005). Space Standards for Urban Development. Ibadan, NG: Penthouse Publishers.
Obateru, O.I. (2001). Basic Elements of Physical Planning. Ibadan, NG: Penthouse Publishers.
Obateru, O.I. (2001). Delimiting Built-Up Areas, Ibadan, NG: Caltop Publishers Ltd.
Okoye, C. (2013, May 6). Urbanization and Developing Sustainable Cities, Abuja as a Case Study. Retrieved from https://www.mecon.nomadit.co.uk/pub/conference_epaper_download.php5?PaperID=15084&MIMEType=application/pdf.
Olaniyan, J.A.O. (1986). The internal spatial structure of mining settlements. In Plateau Environmental Resources Development Programme, Jos – Durham Linkage, Final Report (pp. 336-341). Durham, UK & Jos, NG: Department of Geography, University of Durham (U.K.), Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos (NG).
Olshansky, R. (1996). Planning for hillside development, Environment and Development. Washington, US: American Planning Association.
Plateau Indigenous Development Association Network (2010). The History, Ownership and Establishment of Jos and Misconception about the Recurrent Jos Conflict. Jos, NG: Dan Sill Press.
Plotnicov, L. (1967). Strangers to the City; Urban Man in Jos. Nigeria. Pittsburgh, US: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Rao, P.V. (2001). Environmental Engineering. New Delhi, IN: PHI learning Pub. Ltd.
Rossi-Hansberg, E., & Wright, M.L.J. (2007). Urban structure and growth. Review of Economic Studies, 74, 597-624. doi 10.3386/w11262.
Strahler, A.H. & Strahler, A.N. (2006). Introducing Physical Geography. New York, US: John Wiley.
Ullman, E.L., & Harris, C.D. (1945). The Nature of Cities. Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 22(1) 7– 77.
UN-Habitat (2005a). Urbanization Challenges in Sub-Sahara Africa. Retrieved from https://unhabitat.org/books/urbanization-challenges-in-sub-saharan-africa/.
UN-Habitat (2005b). Addressing the challenges of slums land, shelter delivery and the provision of and access to basic services and infrastructure for all: Overview. African Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development. Durban, ZA, 31 January-4 February 2005.
UN-Habitat (2007). Global Report on Human settlements 2007. Enhancing Urban Safety and Security. Nairobi, KE: UN-Habitat.
UN-Habitat (2016). World Cities Report 2016: Urbanization and Development, Emerging Futures. Nairobi, KE: UN-Habitat.
Urquhart, A.W. (1977). Planned Urban Landscapes of Northern Nigeria: A case study of Zaria. Zaria. NG: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
Wikipedia (2017, April 5). January 2011 Rio de Janeiro floods and mudslides. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2011_Rio_de_Janeiro_floods_and_mudslides.
World Bank (2012). Landslides Risk Reduction Measures by the Rio de Janeiro City Government. In World Bank, Improving the Assessment of Disaster Risks to Strengthen Finance Resilience (pp. 77-91). Washington, US: World Bank.