The strategic approach in urban regeneration: the Hamburg model
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Published:
Dec 20, 2017
Keywords:
City marketing, Strategic planning, Governance, Waterfront regeneration, Cruise tourism
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Abstract
After centuries of development, port cities are nowadays involved into the post-industrial revitalization of historical waterfronts and harbors aiming to fill the gaps originated by loosing of both economical activities and identity. In this context cruise tourism has been seen, in the global port cities competition perspective, as a possibility to diversify the port city economy and to attract international investments. Cruise industry has profited of such urban regeneration, exploiting the abandoned areas and the coastal structures for new cruise terminals and tourists related services but, often, in a merely aesthetic-design approach. After a review of literature on cruise tourism evolution and impacts, and passing through citizens' opposition actions, we examine in detail the Hamburg experience in its transformation, both in governance and physical aspect, from commercial port city to international cruise hub. In particular this experience was able to canalize the cruise tourism growing trend from a global economic phenomenon to a topic of the creative city's strategic choices and to implement them, in addition, by urban and strategic planning tools as well as city marketing. The Hamburg experience highlights the results' quality achievable with an approach that, overcoming the design dimension, brings into play a coordinated set of multiscalar actions aiming to expande the regenerative effects of change both in spatial, social and economic field.
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LeporeD., SgobboA., & VingelliF. (2017). The strategic approach in urban regeneration: the Hamburg model. UPLanD - Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, 2(3), 185-218. https://doi.org/10.6093/2531-9906/5415
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References
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Bottasso, A., Conti, M., Ferrari, C., Merk, O., & Tei, A. (2013). The impact of port throughput on local employment: Evidence from a panel of European regions. Transport Policy, 27, 32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.12.001
Brida, J. G., & Zapata, S. (2009). Cruise tourism: economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1(3), 205-226.
Charlier, J. (2004). The cruise shipping industry in the corporate mergers and overpanamax eras. A comparison with the container shipping industry. Belgeo. Revue belge de géographie, (4), 433-460.
CLIA (2016). 2017 Cruise Industry Outlook. https://www.cruising.org/docs/default-source/research/clia-2017-state-of-the-industry.pdf
Colombo, C. & Novy, J. (2017). Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Erkul, M., Yitmen, I., & Çelik, T. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement in Mega Transport Infrastructure Projects. Procedia Engineering, 161, 704-710.
Ferrari, C., Percoco, M., & Tedeschi, A. (2010). Ports and local development: Evidence from Italy. International Journal of Transport Economics/Rivista internazionale di economia dei trasporti, 9-30
Fiedler, J. & Schuster, S. (2016). The Elbphilharmonie Hamburg. In Kostka G. & Fiedler J. (eds), Large Infrastructure Projects in Germany (pp. 39-85). Dordrecht, NL:Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29233-5_3
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Hein, C. (2011). Hamburg’s port cityscape: large- scale urban transformation and the exchange of planning ideas. In C. Hein (eds.), Port cities: dynamic landscapes and global networks, 177- 197. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Hein, C., & Hillmann, F. (2016). The Missing Link: Redevelopment of the Urban Waterfront as a Function of Cruise Ship Tourism. In H. Porfyriou & M. Sepe (eds.), Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective (pp. 10-20). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Hoyle, B.S. (1989). The port-city interface: trends, problems, and examples. Geoforum, vol.20 n°4
Johnson, D. (2002). Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check. Marine Policy, 26(4), 261-270.
Karolak, M. (2015). Analysis of the cruise industry in the Arabian Gulf: the emergence of a new destination. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 8(1), 61.
Klein, R. A. (2006). Turning Water into Money: The Economics of the Cruise Industry. Cruise ship tourism, 261.
Laino, G. (2012). Il fuoco nel cuore e il diavolo in corpo: la partecipazione come attivazione sociale. Milano, IT: FrancoAngeli.
Lepore, D. (2009). Periferie. In M. Braucci & G. Zoppoli (eds.), Napoli comincia a Scampia (pp. 125-145). Napoli-Roma, IT: l’Ancora.
Lindemann, K. (05/2017). Interview with the Projektmanager Themen-Marketing - Hamburg Tourismus.
Losasso, M. (2016). Climate risk, Environmental planning, Urban design. UPLanD – Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 1(1), 219-232. doi: 10.6092/2531-9906/5039
Mangoni, F., & Sgobbo, A. (2013). Pianificare per lo sviluppo. Un nuovo insediamento ai margini della metropoli. Napoli, IT: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.
Marcuse, P. (September 19, 2011) The Right to the Creative City – talk.
Moccia, F. D. (2004). Resistenze alla pianificazione strategica: una analisi trans-culturale della ricezione ed uso della pianificazione strategica nella pianificazione integrata italiana. In F. Archibugi & A. Saturnino (eds.), Pianificazione strategica e governabilità ambientale (pp. 268-285). Firenze, IT: Alinea Editrice.
Moccia, F. D. (2012). Urbanistica. Interpretazioni e processi di cambiamento. Napoli, IT: Clean.
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2012). Pertnership pubblico-privato, infrastrutture ed ecologia. Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 25, 1-7.
Moccia, F.D. & Sgobbo, A. (2013), La polarizzazione metropolitana. L'evoluzione della rete della grande distribuzione verso un sistema policentrico sostenibile. Napoli, IT: Liguori.
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2013). Flood hazard: planning approach to risk mitigation. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 134, 89-99. doi:10.2495/SAFE130091
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2016). Flood hazard: planning approach to risk mitigation and periphery rehabilitation. In S. Syngellakis (ed.), Management of Natural Disasters (pp. 129-144). Southampton, UK: WIT Press. doi: 10.2495/978-1-84566-229-5/012
Moccia, F. D. (2016). European Union urban policy does not meet development of peripheral European metropolis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, 394-401.
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2017). La Città Metropolitana di Napoli. In: G. De Luca & F.D. Moccia. (eds.), Pianificare le città metropolitane in Italia. Interpretazioni, approcci, prospettive (pp. 289-326). Roma,IT: INU Edizioni.
Montanari, A. (2002). Grandi eventi, marketing urbano e realizzazione di nuovi spazi turistici. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, serie XII, 7, 4.
Policy Research Corporation (08/2009) - Tourist facilities in ports - The economic factor - Commissioned by: European Commission Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Policy Research Corporation (08/2009). The economic factor. Tourist facilities in ports. Commissioned by: European Commission Directorate - General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
Priemus, H., Flyvbjerg, B., & van Wee, B. (Eds.). (2008). Decision-making on mega-projects: cost-benefit analysis, planning and innovation. Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Russo, M. (2014). Can cities be recycled? A different growth for contemporary territories. Italiana, 1, 19-25.
Schubert, D. (2011). Seaport cities: phases of spatial restructuring and types and dimensions of redevelopment. In C. Hein (eds.), Port cities: dynamic landscapes and global networks, 54- 69. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Schubert, D. (2014). Three contrasting approaches to urban redevelopment and waterfront transformations in hamburg: “string of pearls”, hafencity and iba (international building exhibition). Water and cities managing a vital relationship. Isocarp review 10. ISBN 978‐94‐90354-29-9
Schubert, D. (2016). The transformation of North-western European urban waterfronts – divergence – and convergence of redevelopment strategies. In H. Porfyriou & M. Sepe (eds.), Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective (pp. 10-20). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Schweppe-May, K. (07-2017). Interview with the Management & Communication Assistant - Cruise Gate Hamburg.
Sgobbo, A. (2011). Analisi economica e finanza di progetto per la gestione dei parchi urbani. In A. Claudi de Saint Mihiel (ed.), La valorizzazione dei Parchi Urbani (pp.183-193). Napoli, IT: Clean Edizioni.
Sgobbo, A. (2013). Il parco delle paludi di Napoli. Urbanistica Informazioni, 252, 14-15.
Sgobbo, A. (2014). Aree agricole periurbane: dall’approccio vincolistico alle politiche di integrazione. Urbanistica Informazioni, 255, 44-45.
Sgobbo, A. (2014). Le politiche di leva fiscale per la sicurezza e sostenibilità della città. Urbanistica Informazioni, 255, 100-101.
Sgobbo, A. (2016). Mixed Results in the Early Experience of a Place-based European Union Former Program Implemented in Campania. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, 225-230. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.354
Sgobbo, A. (2016). La città che si sgretola: nelle politiche urbane ed economiche le risorse per un’efficace manutenzione. BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, 16(1), 155-175. doi: 10.6092/2284-4732/4121
Sgobbo, A. (2016). Risk Economy: the effectiveness of urban supportive policies for the safety and resilience in town centres. UPLanD-Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 1(1), 77-119. Doi: 10.6092/2531-9906/5034
Sgobbo, A. (2016). Recycling, waste management and urban vegetable gardens. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, 202, 61-72. doi:10.2495/WM160071
Sgobbo, A., & Moccia, F. D. (2016). Synergetic Temporary Use for the Enhancement of Historic Centers: The Pilot Project for the Naples Waterfront. TECHNE Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, 12, 253-260. doi:10.13128/Techne-19360
Sgobbo, A. (2017). Eco-social innovation for efficient urban metabolisms. TECHNE Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, 14, 335-342. doi: 10.13128/Techne-20812
Smith, N. (1979). Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital, not people. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 538-548.
Tira, M., Giannouli, I., Sgobbo, A., Brescia, C., Cervigni, C., Carollo, L., & Tourkolias, C. (2017). INTENSSS PA: a systematic approach for INspiring Training ENergy-Spatial Socioeconomic Sustainability to Public Authorities. UPLanD-Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 2(2), 65-84.
Tira, M., Sgobbo, A., Cervigni, C., & Carollo, L. (2017). INTENSSS PA: pianificazione territoriale integrata alla sostenibilità energetica e socio-economica. Urbanistica Informazioni, 272(S.I.), 319-323.
Torbianelli, V. (2011). CTUR – Cruise Traffic and Urban Regeneration – 1 CTUR Thematic Journal/ Topics and Case studies on “Physical and environmental Components”, pag 48-52, Naples.
Wood, R. E. (2000). Caribbean cruise tourism: Globalization
Altshuler, A. A., & Luberoff, D. E. (2004). Mega-projects: The changing politics of urban public investment. Washington, US: Brookings Institution Press.
Basso, M. (2016). Esperienze di pianificazione di grandi eventi a confronto: Londra, Milano, Shanghai. Economia e società regionale, 2016(1), 124,141. doi: 10.3280/ES2016-001009
Bottasso, A., Conti, M., Ferrari, C., Merk, O., & Tei, A. (2013). The impact of port throughput on local employment: Evidence from a panel of European regions. Transport Policy, 27, 32-38. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.12.001
Brida, J. G., & Zapata, S. (2009). Cruise tourism: economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1(3), 205-226.
Charlier, J. (2004). The cruise shipping industry in the corporate mergers and overpanamax eras. A comparison with the container shipping industry. Belgeo. Revue belge de géographie, (4), 433-460.
CLIA (2016). 2017 Cruise Industry Outlook. https://www.cruising.org/docs/default-source/research/clia-2017-state-of-the-industry.pdf
Colombo, C. & Novy, J. (2017). Protest and resistance in the tourist city. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Erkul, M., Yitmen, I., & Çelik, T. (2016). Stakeholder Engagement in Mega Transport Infrastructure Projects. Procedia Engineering, 161, 704-710.
Ferrari, C., Percoco, M., & Tedeschi, A. (2010). Ports and local development: Evidence from Italy. International Journal of Transport Economics/Rivista internazionale di economia dei trasporti, 9-30
Fiedler, J. & Schuster, S. (2016). The Elbphilharmonie Hamburg. In Kostka G. & Fiedler J. (eds), Large Infrastructure Projects in Germany (pp. 39-85). Dordrecht, NL:Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-29233-5_3
Gasparrini, C., & Russo, M. (2010). Modernità versus contemporaneità nel centro storico di Napoli. In S. Storchi & O. Armanni (eds.), Centri storici e nuove centralità urbane. Progetto di ricerca dell'Associazione Nazionale Centri Storico-Artistici (pp. 81-85). Firenze, IT: Alinea Editrice.
Grossmann, I. (2008). Perspectives for Hamburg as a port city in the context of a changing global environment. Geoforum, 39(6), 2062-2072.
Hamburg Cruise Center (27/03/2014). Hamburg - an ever getting more important cruise hub in Northern Europe. http://www.hamburgcruisecenter.eu/de/news/hamburg-ever-getting-more-important-cruise-hub-northern-europe.
Hein, C. (2011). Hamburg’s port cityscape: large- scale urban transformation and the exchange of planning ideas. In C. Hein (eds.), Port cities: dynamic landscapes and global networks, 177- 197. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Hein, C., & Hillmann, F. (2016). The Missing Link: Redevelopment of the Urban Waterfront as a Function of Cruise Ship Tourism. In H. Porfyriou & M. Sepe (eds.), Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective (pp. 10-20). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Hoyle, B.S. (1989). The port-city interface: trends, problems, and examples. Geoforum, vol.20 n°4
Johnson, D. (2002). Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check. Marine Policy, 26(4), 261-270.
Karolak, M. (2015). Analysis of the cruise industry in the Arabian Gulf: the emergence of a new destination. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 8(1), 61.
Klein, R. A. (2006). Turning Water into Money: The Economics of the Cruise Industry. Cruise ship tourism, 261.
Laino, G. (2012). Il fuoco nel cuore e il diavolo in corpo: la partecipazione come attivazione sociale. Milano, IT: FrancoAngeli.
Lepore, D. (2009). Periferie. In M. Braucci & G. Zoppoli (eds.), Napoli comincia a Scampia (pp. 125-145). Napoli-Roma, IT: l’Ancora.
Lindemann, K. (05/2017). Interview with the Projektmanager Themen-Marketing - Hamburg Tourismus.
Losasso, M. (2016). Climate risk, Environmental planning, Urban design. UPLanD – Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 1(1), 219-232. doi: 10.6092/2531-9906/5039
Mangoni, F., & Sgobbo, A. (2013). Pianificare per lo sviluppo. Un nuovo insediamento ai margini della metropoli. Napoli, IT: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane.
Marcuse, P. (September 19, 2011) The Right to the Creative City – talk.
Moccia, F. D. (2004). Resistenze alla pianificazione strategica: una analisi trans-culturale della ricezione ed uso della pianificazione strategica nella pianificazione integrata italiana. In F. Archibugi & A. Saturnino (eds.), Pianificazione strategica e governabilità ambientale (pp. 268-285). Firenze, IT: Alinea Editrice.
Moccia, F. D. (2012). Urbanistica. Interpretazioni e processi di cambiamento. Napoli, IT: Clean.
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2012). Pertnership pubblico-privato, infrastrutture ed ecologia. Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 25, 1-7.
Moccia, F.D. & Sgobbo, A. (2013), La polarizzazione metropolitana. L'evoluzione della rete della grande distribuzione verso un sistema policentrico sostenibile. Napoli, IT: Liguori.
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2013). Flood hazard: planning approach to risk mitigation. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 134, 89-99. doi:10.2495/SAFE130091
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2016). Flood hazard: planning approach to risk mitigation and periphery rehabilitation. In S. Syngellakis (ed.), Management of Natural Disasters (pp. 129-144). Southampton, UK: WIT Press. doi: 10.2495/978-1-84566-229-5/012
Moccia, F. D. (2016). European Union urban policy does not meet development of peripheral European metropolis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, 394-401.
Moccia, F.D., & Sgobbo, A. (2017). La Città Metropolitana di Napoli. In: G. De Luca & F.D. Moccia. (eds.), Pianificare le città metropolitane in Italia. Interpretazioni, approcci, prospettive (pp. 289-326). Roma,IT: INU Edizioni.
Montanari, A. (2002). Grandi eventi, marketing urbano e realizzazione di nuovi spazi turistici. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, serie XII, 7, 4.
Policy Research Corporation (08/2009) - Tourist facilities in ports - The economic factor - Commissioned by: European Commission Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Policy Research Corporation (08/2009). The economic factor. Tourist facilities in ports. Commissioned by: European Commission Directorate - General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
Priemus, H., Flyvbjerg, B., & van Wee, B. (Eds.). (2008). Decision-making on mega-projects: cost-benefit analysis, planning and innovation. Camberley, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Russo, M. (2014). Can cities be recycled? A different growth for contemporary territories. Italiana, 1, 19-25.
Schubert, D. (2011). Seaport cities: phases of spatial restructuring and types and dimensions of redevelopment. In C. Hein (eds.), Port cities: dynamic landscapes and global networks, 54- 69. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Schubert, D. (2014). Three contrasting approaches to urban redevelopment and waterfront transformations in hamburg: “string of pearls”, hafencity and iba (international building exhibition). Water and cities managing a vital relationship. Isocarp review 10. ISBN 978‐94‐90354-29-9
Schubert, D. (2016). The transformation of North-western European urban waterfronts – divergence – and convergence of redevelopment strategies. In H. Porfyriou & M. Sepe (eds.), Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective (pp. 10-20). Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
Schweppe-May, K. (07-2017). Interview with the Management & Communication Assistant - Cruise Gate Hamburg.
Sgobbo, A. (2011). Analisi economica e finanza di progetto per la gestione dei parchi urbani. In A. Claudi de Saint Mihiel (ed.), La valorizzazione dei Parchi Urbani (pp.183-193). Napoli, IT: Clean Edizioni.
Sgobbo, A. (2013). Il parco delle paludi di Napoli. Urbanistica Informazioni, 252, 14-15.
Sgobbo, A. (2014). Aree agricole periurbane: dall’approccio vincolistico alle politiche di integrazione. Urbanistica Informazioni, 255, 44-45.
Sgobbo, A. (2014). Le politiche di leva fiscale per la sicurezza e sostenibilità della città. Urbanistica Informazioni, 255, 100-101.
Sgobbo, A. (2016). Mixed Results in the Early Experience of a Place-based European Union Former Program Implemented in Campania. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, 225-230. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.354
Sgobbo, A. (2016). La città che si sgretola: nelle politiche urbane ed economiche le risorse per un’efficace manutenzione. BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, 16(1), 155-175. doi: 10.6092/2284-4732/4121
Sgobbo, A. (2016). Risk Economy: the effectiveness of urban supportive policies for the safety and resilience in town centres. UPLanD-Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 1(1), 77-119. Doi: 10.6092/2531-9906/5034
Sgobbo, A. (2016). Recycling, waste management and urban vegetable gardens. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, 202, 61-72. doi:10.2495/WM160071
Sgobbo, A., & Moccia, F. D. (2016). Synergetic Temporary Use for the Enhancement of Historic Centers: The Pilot Project for the Naples Waterfront. TECHNE Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, 12, 253-260. doi:10.13128/Techne-19360
Sgobbo, A. (2017). Eco-social innovation for efficient urban metabolisms. TECHNE Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, 14, 335-342. doi: 10.13128/Techne-20812
Smith, N. (1979). Toward a theory of gentrification a back to the city movement by capital, not people. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 538-548.
Tira, M., Giannouli, I., Sgobbo, A., Brescia, C., Cervigni, C., Carollo, L., & Tourkolias, C. (2017). INTENSSS PA: a systematic approach for INspiring Training ENergy-Spatial Socioeconomic Sustainability to Public Authorities. UPLanD-Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & environmental Design, 2(2), 65-84.
Tira, M., Sgobbo, A., Cervigni, C., & Carollo, L. (2017). INTENSSS PA: pianificazione territoriale integrata alla sostenibilità energetica e socio-economica. Urbanistica Informazioni, 272(S.I.), 319-323.
Torbianelli, V. (2011). CTUR – Cruise Traffic and Urban Regeneration – 1 CTUR Thematic Journal/ Topics and Case studies on “Physical and environmental Components”, pag 48-52, Naples.
Wood, R. E. (2000). Caribbean cruise tourism: Globalization