Aquatic Urbanisms: Water as Planning and Territorial Instrument Considering The 9 Dash Line Policy
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Published:
Dec 31, 2017
Keywords:
Speculative Territory, Aquatic, Urbanisms, South China Seas, Environmental Design
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Abstract
The notion of territoriality, territory and terrain are all derivatives of ‘terra’ or ‘earth.’ As discourse, ‘territory’ has remained largely land centred for its terminologies, means of representation or in its application within urbanization. Water, conversely, is often considered as a resource or as a specific morphological characteristic but rarely as a key object of discourse. China’s claim within the South China Sea and the subsequent creation of newly formed ‘island outposts’, has brought to light the political welding that water holds, as both territorial claim and negotiating instrument. Particularly significant in the context of increasing pressures on development in this urban age.
This paper examines how the substitution of ‘terra derived’ concepts with that of ‘hydro’ driven concepts, impact the domains of territoriality in planning and urbanism. Focus is placed on speculative projections of design work that highlights one possible method of reconfiguring the territoriality of the South China Sea. Consequentially this work questions the assumptions and spatial ideologies in the ‘nine-dash line’ policy.Downloads
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BruynsG., & HasdellP. (2017). Aquatic Urbanisms: Water as Planning and Territorial Instrument Considering The 9 Dash Line Policy. UPLanD - Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, 2(3), 273-284. https://doi.org/10.6093/2531-9906/5420
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Bakker, K. (2013). Neoliberal Versus Postneoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatisation and Resistance. Annals Of The Association Of American Geographers, 103(2), 253-260. doi: 10.1080/00045608.2013.756246
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BBC World News. (2017). China hits back at US over South China Sea claims. Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38729207.
Beech, H. (2016). Just Where Exactly Did China Get the South China Sea Nine-Dash Line From? Time Magazine. http://time.com/4412191/nine-dash-line-9-south-china-sea/
Blackstone, W., Prest, W., & Stern, S. (2016). Commentaries on the laws of England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boelens, R., Hoogesteger, J., Swyngedouw, E., Vos, J., & Wester, P. (2016). Hydrosocial territories: a political ecology perspective. Water International, 41(1), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/02508060.2016.1134898
Bruyns, G. (2011). Urban Dispositif: An Atlas of Spatial Mechanisms and the Contemporary Urban Landscape: A reading of movement as an interpretive device and mechanism of urban form (PhD). Urbanism: Delft University of Technology.
Bruyns, G., Kousoulas, S., & Sohn, H. (2017). Introduction: Commoning as Differentiated Publicness: emerging concepts of the urban and other material realities. Footprint, (16). doi: 10.7480/footprint.9.1.895
Chan, J. (2017). Aquatic Territoriality Exploring the Future and Potentials of Alternative Urbanisation Within the 9 Dash Line (Urban Environments Design -MDes). School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Dodwell, D. (2017). Asean powers continue to arm-wrestle over China’s nine-dash line and its potential abundance of resources, including the seaweed. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 from http://www.scmp.com/business/global-economy/article/2095097/asean-powers-continue-arm-wrestle-over-chinas-nine-dash-line.
Elden, S. (2013). The Birth of Territory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Girard, G., & Lambot, I. (1993) City of Darkness: (life in Kowloon Walled City). Somerset, UK: Watermark.
Hemming, J. (2008). Atlas of Exploration (2nd ed). London: Oxford University Press, p 199.
Holland, T. (2017). It is time for Hong Kong to get real about water pricing. South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 July 2017, from http://www.scmp.com/business/article/1293214/it-time-hong-kong-get-real-about-water-pricing.
Ingraham, C. (1998). Architecture and the burdens of linearity (Theoretical perspectives in architectural history and criticism). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Jinchen, T. (2017). ‘One Belt and One Road’: Connecting China and the world. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 1 July 2017, from http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/one-belt-and-one-road-connecting-china-and-the-world.
Kimmelman, M. (2017). Rising Waters Threaten China’s Rising Cities. The New York Time. Retrieved 26 Oct 2017 from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/04/07/world/asia/climate-change-china.html
Maxwell, S., & Yates, S. (2011). The Future of Water: A Startling Look Ahead. Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Association.
Meyer, H., Bobbink, I., & Nijhuis, S. (2010). Delta urbanism. Chicago: American Planning Association.
Robinson, J. (2013). Contested Water. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Sun, A., (2015). Marginal Culture, Float Villages of Hong Kong. Capstone Research, (Urban Environments Design -MDes). School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Swyngedouw, E. (2015). Liquid Liquid Power: Contested Hydro-Modernities in Twentieth-Century Spain. London, Cambridge: MIT Press.
von Thünen, J., Hall, P., & Wartenberg, C. (1966). Von Thünen's Isolated State. Oxford: Pergamon Press.