Climate resilient cities. Introducing two complementary projects’ approaches to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change
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Published:
Jul 3, 2020
Keywords:
Climate change, Ecosystem services, Green and blue infrastructures, Adaptive solutions
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Abstract
The risks related to climate change for urban settlements are referred, among others, to extreme weather phenomena as pluvial flooding and heat weaves. In the urban context, certain areas suffer more than others when an extreme climate event happens, having negative effects on the built environment and human health. Thus, exploring solutions to mitigate negative impacts of climate change is an urgent need for urban planners, architects and decision makers. This paper is aiming to introduce possible approaches and tools to identify adaptive solutions to reduce climate change risks, and also to increase the preparedness of decision makers to cope with these challenges. To do so, this paper, at first, introduces the problem, looking at it through the developing paradigm of Ecosystem Services and Blue and Green Infrastructures positively impacting on urban systems and human health; then it stresses the potentialities of the methodology of Urban Living Labs as innovative environments for learning, where to produce and share knowledge about the topic and developing related solutions. Then, it introduces two complementary projects’ approaches belonging to the ongoing research program of the Department of Architecture of the University of Naples Federico II, in Italy, to cope with climate change issues. Finally, together with the identification of the strengths of the two experiences, this paper discusses to what extent the Urban Living Lab approach could be implemented in the further developments of the two projects, opening in this way to new possible perspectives of research.
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AmentaL., & ArenaA. (2020). Climate resilient cities. Introducing two complementary projects’ approaches to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. UPLanD - Journal of Urban Planning, Landscape & Environmental Design, 5(2), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.6093/2531-9906/7036
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Copyright (c) 2020 Libera Amenta, Antonia Arena
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References
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Amenta, L., & van Timmeren, A. (2018). Beyond Wastescapes: Towards Circular Landscapes. Addressing the Spatial Di-mension of Circularity through the Regeneration of Wastescapes. Sustainability, 10(12), 4740.
Andersson, E. McPhearson, T., Kremer, P., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Haase, D., Tuvendal M., & Wurster, D. (2015). Scale and context dependence of ecosystem service providing units. Ecosystem Services, 12(April),157-164.
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Arcidiacono, A., Giaimo, C., & Talia, M. (2018). Priorità per il progetto urbanistico. Reti ambientali, nuovi standard e ri-generazione urbana. In F.D. Moccia, M. Sepe (Eds.) Sviluppare, rigenerare, ricostruire città. Questioni e sfide contempo-ranee (pp. 166-179). Roma: INU Edizioni.
Arena, A., & Nigro, A. (2017). Strategie per le aree interne: integrare i servizi ecosistemici e le azioni di tutela e sviluppo nel Puc di Volturara Irpina. In M. Carta & P. La Greca (Eds), Cambiamenti dell’urbanistica. Responsabilità e strumenti al servizio del Paese (pp. 155-158). Roma: Donzelli Editore.
Brown, H., Proust, K., Newell, B., Spickett, J., Capon, T., & Bartholomew, L. (2018). Cool Communities—Urban Density, Trees, and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1547.
van Assen, S., van den Boomen, T., Broekman, M., van Eyck, G., Frijters, E., Kums, M., Lofvers, W., Naafs, S., van Spaan-donk, T., Steketee, A. & Ziegler, F. (Eds) (2017). Urban challenges, resilient solutions: design thinking for the future of urban regions. Amsterdam: Valiz Publisher. ISBN 9789492095336.
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Bulkeley, H., Coenen, L., Frantzeskaki, N., Hartmann, C., Kronsell, A., Mai, L., … Voytenko Palgan, Y. (2016). Urban living labs: governing urban sustainability transitions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 22, 13–17.
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Colavitti, A.M., Floris, A., & Serra, S. (2020). Urban Standards and Ecosystem Services: The Evolution of the Services Planning in Italy from Theory to Practice. Sustainability, 12, 2434. doi:10.3390/su12062434.
Cortinovis, C., & Geneletti, D. (2019). A framework to explore the effects of urban planning decisions on regulating eco-system services in cities. Ecosystem Services, 38, 100946. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100946.
Cortinovis, C., & Geneletti, D. (2018). Ecosystem services in urban plans: What is there, and what is still needed for bet-ter decisions. Land use policy, 70, 298–312. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.017.
D’Ambrosio, V., & Leone, M. F. (Eds) (2017). Environmental Design for Climate Change adaptation 2. Tools and Guide-lines for Climate Risk Reduction. Napoli: Clean Edizioni.
Di Martino, F., & Sessa, S. (2017). Methodology and hierarchical model for the assessment of the climatic vulnerability of the urban system. In V. D’Ambrosio & M. Leone (Eds.). Environmental Design for Climate Change adaptation 2. Tools and Guidelines for Climate Risk Reduction (pp. 46-57). Napoli: Clean Edizioni..
Depietri, Y., & McPhearson, T. (2017). Integrating the Grey, Green, and Blue in Cities: Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Reduction. In N. Kabisch, H. Korn, J. Stadler, & B. Aletta (Eds), Nature-based Solution to Cli-mate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas (pp. 91-109). Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Emerton, L., & Bos, E. (2004). Value. Counting Ecosystems as an Economic Part of Water Infrastructure. Switzerland and Cambridge: IUCN.
Environmental Protection Agency (2016). What is green infrastructure. Retreived from https://www.epa.gov.
European Commission (2020). EU Climate Action and the European Green Deal. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu.
European Commission. (2016). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. doi:10.2779/625242.
European Commission. (2015). Climate Change. doi:10.2834/34323.
European Commission. (2013). Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe. doi:10.2779/54125.
European Commission. (2011). Our life insurance, our natural capital: and EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu
Freeman, A.M. (1993). The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values. Theory and Methods. Washington: Re-sources for the Future.
Frischenbruder, M.T.M., & Pellegrino, P. (2006). “Using greenways to reclaim nature in Brazilian cities”. Landscape Ur-ban Planning, 76, 67–78. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.043.
Geneletti, D., Cortinovis, C., Zardo, L., & Adem Esmail, B. (2020). Planning for Ecosystem Services in Cities. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20024-4.
Giaimo, C. & Barbieri, C.A. (2018). Paradigmi ecosistemici, piano urbanistico e città contemporanea. L’esperienza del progetto Life Sam4cp. Urbanistica, 159,114-124.
Giaimo, C., (ed.) (2020). Tra spazio pubblico e rigenerazione urbana. Urbanistica Dossier 017. Roma: INU edizioni.
Haines-Young, R. & Potschin, M.B. (2018). Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1 and Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure. Retrieved from www.cices.eu.
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assess-ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri & L.A. Meyer (Eds). Switzerland: IPCC.
IPCC. (2019). 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. E. Calvo Buendia, K. Tanabe, A. Kranjc, J. Baasansuren, M. Fukuda, S. Ngarize, A. Osako, Y. Pyrozhenko, P. Shermanau & Federici S. (Eds). Switzerland: IPCC.
Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., Aletta, B. (Eds) (2017). Nature-based Solution to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Kearns, A., Saward, R., Houlston, A., Rayner, J., & Viraswamy, H. (2014). Building Urban Resilience through Green Infra-structure Pathways. In L. Pearson, P. Newton, & P. Roberts (Eds.), Resilient Sustainable Cities. New York: Routledge.
Kontogianni, A. & Luck, G. (2008, April). What’s new in the ecosystem service approach to valuation? The challenge of SPUs. In F. Grant, J. Young, P. Harrison, M. Sykes, M. Skourtos, M. Rounsevell, T. Kluvánková-Oravská, J. Settele, M. Musche, C. Anton & A. Watt Ecosystem Services and Drivers of Biodiversity Change. Report of RUBICODE e-conference.
Magnaghi, A. (1994). Il Territorio dell’abitare: lo sviluppo locale come alternativa strategica. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Magnaghi, A. (2007). Il territorio come soggetto dello sviluppo locale. Etica ed Economia, IX, 2, 51-70.
Magnaghi, A. (2010). Il progetto locale. Verso la coscienza di luogo. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.
McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E., & Hales, S. (2006). Climate Change and Human Health: Present and Future Risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859–69. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press: Washington DC.
Moccia, F.D. (2014). Restauro Paesaggistico ambientale. In E. Petroncelli (ed.) Progetto paesaggio tra letteratura e scienza. (pp. 133-144). Napoli: Liguori Editore.
Orimoloye, I.R., Mazinyo, S.P., Kalumba, A.M., Ekundayo, O.Y., & Nel, W. (2019). Implications of Climate Variability and Change on Urban and Human Health: A Review. Cities, 91(August), 213–23. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.009.
Perry, J. (2015). Climate change adaptation in the world’s best places: A wicked problem in need of immediate attention. Landscape and Urban Planning, 133, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.013.
Puerari, E., de Koning, J., von Wirth, T., Karré, P., Mulder, I., & Loorbach, D. (2018). Co-Creation Dynamics in Urban Liv-ing Labs. Sustainability, 10(6), 1893. doi:10.3390/su10061893.
Ragone, A. (1973). Bilancio idrico del massiccio del Terminio. In AA.VV. Atti Secondo Convegno Internazionale Acque sotterranee, Palermo, (pp. 193-200).
REPAiR. (2018). Handbook: how to run a PULL Deliverable 5.4. EU Commission Participant portal. Brussels. Grant Agreement No 688920. Retrieved at: http://h2020repair.eu
Roggema, R. (2017). Research by Design: Proposition for a Methodological Approach. Urban Science 1(1), 2. doi:10.3390/urbansci1010002.
Sharp, D., & Salter, R. (2017). Direct Impacts of an Urban Living Lab from the Participants’ Perspective: Livewell Yarra. Sustainability, 9(10), 1699. doi:10.3390/su9101699.
Sgobbo, A. (2018). Water Sensitive Urban Planning. Roma: Inu Edizioni.
Steen, K., & van Bueren, E. (2017a). Urban Living Labs. A living lab way of working. Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from https://www.ams-amsterdam.com.
Steen, K., & van Bueren, E. (2017b). The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs. Technology Innovation Manage-ment Review, 7, 21–33. doi:10.22215/timreview/1088.
Steinitz, C. (2012). A Framework for Geodesign. Changing Geography by Design. New York: E. Press.
STRESS. (2018). PLANNER - Piattaforma per la gestione dei rischi naturali in ambienti urbanizzati. Retrieved from http://www.stress-scarl.com.
Termeer, C.J.A.M, Dewulf, A., Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S.I., Vink, M., & van Vliet, M. (2016). Coping with the Wicked Prob-lem of Climate Adaptation across Scales: The Five R Governance Capabilities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 154(October), 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.01.007.
UK National Ecosystem Assessment. (2011). The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Technical Report. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC.
United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals. Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/.
Voytenko, Y., McCormick, K., Evans, J., & Schliwa, G. (2016). Urban living labs for sustainability and low carbon cities in Europe: towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 123, 45–54.
Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J.P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities just green enough. Landscape and Urban Planning,125, 234–244.
Wong, T.H. (2006). Water Sensitive urban design – the journey thus far. Australian Journal of Water Resource, 10(3): 213-222. doi:10.1080/13241583.2006.11465296
Ahern, J. (2011). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4): 341–343. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.021.
Amenta, L. (2019). beyond WASTESCAPES Opportunities for sustainable urban and territorial regeneration. Delft, The Netherlands: TU Delft Open.
Amenta, L., & van Timmeren, A. (2018). Beyond Wastescapes: Towards Circular Landscapes. Addressing the Spatial Di-mension of Circularity through the Regeneration of Wastescapes. Sustainability, 10(12), 4740.
Andersson, E. McPhearson, T., Kremer, P., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Haase, D., Tuvendal M., & Wurster, D. (2015). Scale and context dependence of ecosystem service providing units. Ecosystem Services, 12(April),157-164.
Angrilli, M. (2016). Definizioni e ruoli delle infrastrutture verdi e blu. In F.D. Moccia, M. Sepe (Eds.) Reti e infrastrutture dei territori contemporanei (pp. 176-186). Roma: INU Edizioni.
Arcidiacono, A., Giaimo, C., & Talia, M. (2018). Priorità per il progetto urbanistico. Reti ambientali, nuovi standard e ri-generazione urbana. In F.D. Moccia, M. Sepe (Eds.) Sviluppare, rigenerare, ricostruire città. Questioni e sfide contempo-ranee (pp. 166-179). Roma: INU Edizioni.
Arena, A., & Nigro, A. (2017). Strategie per le aree interne: integrare i servizi ecosistemici e le azioni di tutela e sviluppo nel Puc di Volturara Irpina. In M. Carta & P. La Greca (Eds), Cambiamenti dell’urbanistica. Responsabilità e strumenti al servizio del Paese (pp. 155-158). Roma: Donzelli Editore.
Brown, H., Proust, K., Newell, B., Spickett, J., Capon, T., & Bartholomew, L. (2018). Cool Communities—Urban Density, Trees, and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1547.
van Assen, S., van den Boomen, T., Broekman, M., van Eyck, G., Frijters, E., Kums, M., Lofvers, W., Naafs, S., van Spaan-donk, T., Steketee, A. & Ziegler, F. (Eds) (2017). Urban challenges, resilient solutions: design thinking for the future of urban regions. Amsterdam: Valiz Publisher. ISBN 9789492095336.
Brown, R.R., & Clarke, J.M. (2007). Transition to water sensitive urban design: The story of Melbourne, Australia. Mel-bourne: Facility for Advancing water Biofiltration, Monash University.
Bulkeley, H., Coenen, L., Frantzeskaki, N., Hartmann, C., Kronsell, A., Mai, L., … Voytenko Palgan, Y. (2016). Urban living labs: governing urban sustainability transitions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 22, 13–17.
Carlarne, C., & Depledge, M.H. (2019). Climate Change, Environmental Health, and Human Rights. In Encyclopedia of En-vironmental Health, 653–60. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11689-6.
Colavitti, A.M., Floris, A., & Serra, S. (2020). Urban Standards and Ecosystem Services: The Evolution of the Services Planning in Italy from Theory to Practice. Sustainability, 12, 2434. doi:10.3390/su12062434.
Cortinovis, C., & Geneletti, D. (2019). A framework to explore the effects of urban planning decisions on regulating eco-system services in cities. Ecosystem Services, 38, 100946. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100946.
Cortinovis, C., & Geneletti, D. (2018). Ecosystem services in urban plans: What is there, and what is still needed for bet-ter decisions. Land use policy, 70, 298–312. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.10.017.
D’Ambrosio, V., & Leone, M. F. (Eds) (2017). Environmental Design for Climate Change adaptation 2. Tools and Guide-lines for Climate Risk Reduction. Napoli: Clean Edizioni.
Di Martino, F., & Sessa, S. (2017). Methodology and hierarchical model for the assessment of the climatic vulnerability of the urban system. In V. D’Ambrosio & M. Leone (Eds.). Environmental Design for Climate Change adaptation 2. Tools and Guidelines for Climate Risk Reduction (pp. 46-57). Napoli: Clean Edizioni..
Depietri, Y., & McPhearson, T. (2017). Integrating the Grey, Green, and Blue in Cities: Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Reduction. In N. Kabisch, H. Korn, J. Stadler, & B. Aletta (Eds), Nature-based Solution to Cli-mate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas (pp. 91-109). Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Emerton, L., & Bos, E. (2004). Value. Counting Ecosystems as an Economic Part of Water Infrastructure. Switzerland and Cambridge: IUCN.
Environmental Protection Agency (2016). What is green infrastructure. Retreived from https://www.epa.gov.
European Commission (2020). EU Climate Action and the European Green Deal. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu.
European Commission. (2016). Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services. doi:10.2779/625242.
European Commission. (2015). Climate Change. doi:10.2834/34323.
European Commission. (2013). Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe. doi:10.2779/54125.
European Commission. (2011). Our life insurance, our natural capital: and EU biodiversity strategy to 2020. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu
Freeman, A.M. (1993). The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values. Theory and Methods. Washington: Re-sources for the Future.
Frischenbruder, M.T.M., & Pellegrino, P. (2006). “Using greenways to reclaim nature in Brazilian cities”. Landscape Ur-ban Planning, 76, 67–78. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.09.043.
Geneletti, D., Cortinovis, C., Zardo, L., & Adem Esmail, B. (2020). Planning for Ecosystem Services in Cities. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-20024-4.
Giaimo, C. & Barbieri, C.A. (2018). Paradigmi ecosistemici, piano urbanistico e città contemporanea. L’esperienza del progetto Life Sam4cp. Urbanistica, 159,114-124.
Giaimo, C., (ed.) (2020). Tra spazio pubblico e rigenerazione urbana. Urbanistica Dossier 017. Roma: INU edizioni.
Haines-Young, R. & Potschin, M.B. (2018). Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) V5.1 and Guidance on the Application of the Revised Structure. Retrieved from www.cices.eu.
IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assess-ment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri & L.A. Meyer (Eds). Switzerland: IPCC.
IPCC. (2019). 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. E. Calvo Buendia, K. Tanabe, A. Kranjc, J. Baasansuren, M. Fukuda, S. Ngarize, A. Osako, Y. Pyrozhenko, P. Shermanau & Federici S. (Eds). Switzerland: IPCC.
Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J., Aletta, B. (Eds) (2017). Nature-based Solution to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas. Switzerland: Springer Nature.
Kearns, A., Saward, R., Houlston, A., Rayner, J., & Viraswamy, H. (2014). Building Urban Resilience through Green Infra-structure Pathways. In L. Pearson, P. Newton, & P. Roberts (Eds.), Resilient Sustainable Cities. New York: Routledge.
Kontogianni, A. & Luck, G. (2008, April). What’s new in the ecosystem service approach to valuation? The challenge of SPUs. In F. Grant, J. Young, P. Harrison, M. Sykes, M. Skourtos, M. Rounsevell, T. Kluvánková-Oravská, J. Settele, M. Musche, C. Anton & A. Watt Ecosystem Services and Drivers of Biodiversity Change. Report of RUBICODE e-conference.
Magnaghi, A. (1994). Il Territorio dell’abitare: lo sviluppo locale come alternativa strategica. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Magnaghi, A. (2007). Il territorio come soggetto dello sviluppo locale. Etica ed Economia, IX, 2, 51-70.
Magnaghi, A. (2010). Il progetto locale. Verso la coscienza di luogo. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.
McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E., & Hales, S. (2006). Climate Change and Human Health: Present and Future Risks. The Lancet, 367(9513), 859–69. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press: Washington DC.
Moccia, F.D. (2014). Restauro Paesaggistico ambientale. In E. Petroncelli (ed.) Progetto paesaggio tra letteratura e scienza. (pp. 133-144). Napoli: Liguori Editore.
Orimoloye, I.R., Mazinyo, S.P., Kalumba, A.M., Ekundayo, O.Y., & Nel, W. (2019). Implications of Climate Variability and Change on Urban and Human Health: A Review. Cities, 91(August), 213–23. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.009.
Perry, J. (2015). Climate change adaptation in the world’s best places: A wicked problem in need of immediate attention. Landscape and Urban Planning, 133, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.013.
Puerari, E., de Koning, J., von Wirth, T., Karré, P., Mulder, I., & Loorbach, D. (2018). Co-Creation Dynamics in Urban Liv-ing Labs. Sustainability, 10(6), 1893. doi:10.3390/su10061893.
Ragone, A. (1973). Bilancio idrico del massiccio del Terminio. In AA.VV. Atti Secondo Convegno Internazionale Acque sotterranee, Palermo, (pp. 193-200).
REPAiR. (2018). Handbook: how to run a PULL Deliverable 5.4. EU Commission Participant portal. Brussels. Grant Agreement No 688920. Retrieved at: http://h2020repair.eu
Roggema, R. (2017). Research by Design: Proposition for a Methodological Approach. Urban Science 1(1), 2. doi:10.3390/urbansci1010002.
Sharp, D., & Salter, R. (2017). Direct Impacts of an Urban Living Lab from the Participants’ Perspective: Livewell Yarra. Sustainability, 9(10), 1699. doi:10.3390/su9101699.
Sgobbo, A. (2018). Water Sensitive Urban Planning. Roma: Inu Edizioni.
Steen, K., & van Bueren, E. (2017a). Urban Living Labs. A living lab way of working. Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions Delft University of Technology. Retrieved from https://www.ams-amsterdam.com.
Steen, K., & van Bueren, E. (2017b). The Defining Characteristics of Urban Living Labs. Technology Innovation Manage-ment Review, 7, 21–33. doi:10.22215/timreview/1088.
Steinitz, C. (2012). A Framework for Geodesign. Changing Geography by Design. New York: E. Press.
STRESS. (2018). PLANNER - Piattaforma per la gestione dei rischi naturali in ambienti urbanizzati. Retrieved from http://www.stress-scarl.com.
Termeer, C.J.A.M, Dewulf, A., Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S.I., Vink, M., & van Vliet, M. (2016). Coping with the Wicked Prob-lem of Climate Adaptation across Scales: The Five R Governance Capabilities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 154(October), 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.01.007.
UK National Ecosystem Assessment. (2011). The UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Technical Report. Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC.
United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals. Report 2019. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/.
Voytenko, Y., McCormick, K., Evans, J., & Schliwa, G. (2016). Urban living labs for sustainability and low carbon cities in Europe: towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 123, 45–54.
Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J.P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities just green enough. Landscape and Urban Planning,125, 234–244.
Wong, T.H. (2006). Water Sensitive urban design – the journey thus far. Australian Journal of Water Resource, 10(3): 213-222. doi:10.1080/13241583.2006.11465296