The contribution of a tramway to pedestrian vitality
Abstract
Pedestrian movement in the public environment is important in supporting local public life, commerce and physical activity. Countering the decline in the presence of people on the streets is a major focus of urban planning in a wide variety of urban contexts. This research investigates the contribution of a tramway to local pedestrian movement, using the Hong Kong Tramway (HKT) as a case. Flow counts were collected in a field study of the tram corridor that enabled regression analysis. Pedestrian flow was positively related to the following, in descending order of importance: feeder street pedestrian flow, tram alighting rates and irregular crossing rates. These factors cumulatively account for 39% of pedestrian volume on tram corridor segments. Pedestrian flow is negatively related to the degree of barrier fencing and block size. The tram is also used to transit between walking segments, effectively enlarging the individual walking environment. The findings suggest spatial planning measures associated with higher pedestrian flow.
Downloads
References
Appleyard, D. (1981). Livable streets. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
APTA. American Public Transportation Association (2018). Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2018. Retrieved 2020-09-09 – https://www.apta.com/research-technical-resources/transit-statistics/ridership-report/ridership-report-archives/
Baouni T., De Ona R., Merad, B. et al. (2018). Analysis of the main service quality dimensions affecting satisfaction of the metropolitan rail public transit users in Algiers. TEMA–Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment, Special Issue 1, 67-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5455
Bristow, R. (1989) Hong Kong’s New Towns: A Selective Review. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Bromley, R.D.F. and Thomas, C.J. (1989). The impact of shop type and spatial structure on shopping linkages in retail parks: planning implications. The Town Planning Review, 60, 1, 45-70.
Brown, B.B., Smith, K.R., Tharp, D., Werner, C.M., Tribby, C.P., Miller, H.J. and Jensen, W. (2016). A complete street intervention for walking to transit, nontransit walking, and bicycling: a quasi-experimental demonstration of increased use. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 13, 11, 1210. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0066
Calthorpe, P. (1993). The Next American metropolis: Ecology, community, and the American Dream. Princeton (NJ): Princeton Architectural Press.
Cervero, R. (2008). Transit-oriented development in America: strategies, issues, policy directions. In: Haas T, editor. New urbanism and beyond: designing cities for the future. New York (NY): Rizzoli, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_269
Davies, R.L., and Bennison, D.J. (1977). Retailing in the city centre: the characters of shopping streets. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 69, 5, 270-285.
Denant-Boemont, L. and Mills, G. (1999). Urban light rail: intermodal competition or coordination? Transport Reviews, 19, 3, 241-253.
DeWolf, C. (2018). Gray metal fences are taking over Hong Kong. Zolima CityMag. Downloaded 2020-09-08 at https://zolimacitymag.com
Gaglione F., Gargiulo C., Zucaro F. (2019). Elders’quality of life a method to optimize pedestrian accessibility to urban services. TEMA–Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment 12, 3, 295-312. doi: https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/6272
Hensher, D.A., Ho, C. and Mulley, C. (2015). Identifying resident preferences for bus-based and rail-based investments as a complementary buy in perspective to inform project planning prioritisation. Journal of Transport Geography, 46, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.05.004
Jacobs J. (1961), The death and life of great American cities, Random House, New York.
Jones, C., Al-Shaheen, Q., and Dunse, N. (2016). Anatomy of a successful high street shopping centre. Journal of Urban Design, 21, 4, 495-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2016.1192947
Kotus, J. and Rzeszewski, M. (2013). Between disorder and livability. Case of one street in post-socialist city. Cities, 32, 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.015
Liu, Y., Yang, D., Timmermans, H.J.P. & de Vries, B. (2020). Analysis of the impact of street-scale built environment design near metro stations on pedestrian and cyclist road segment choice: a stated choice experiment. Journal of Transport Geography 82, 102570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102570
Miller, H.J., Witlox, F., and Tribby, C.P. (2013). Developing context-sensitive livability indicators for transportation planning: a measurement framework. Journal of Transport Geography, 26, 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.08.007
Moran, M., Plaut, P., Baron-Epel, O. (2016). Do children walk where they bike? Exploring built environment correlates of children’s walking and bicycling. The Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9, 2, 43-65. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.556
Olesen, M. and Lassen, C. (2016). Rationalities and materialities of light rail scapes. Journal of Transport Geography, 54, 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.04.005
Ortego, A., Valero, A. and Abadias, A. (2017). Environmental impacts of promoting new public transport systems in urban mobility: a case study. Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 5, 3, 377-395. https://doi.org/ 10.13044/j.sdewes.d5.0143
Ozuduru, B.H., Varol, C., Ercoskun, and Ozge Y. (2014). Do shopping centers abate the resilience of shopping streets? The co-existence of both shopping venues in Ankara, Turkey. Cities, 36, 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.10.003
Reimers, V. and Clulow, V. (2004). Retail concentration: a comparison of spatial convenience in shopping strips and shopping centres. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 11, 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(03)00038-9
Renne J. (2009). From transit-adjacent to transit-oriented development. Local Environment 14, 1, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830802522376
Schoner, J. and Cao, X. (2014). Walking for purpose and pleasure: influences of light rail, built environment, and residential self-selection on pedestrian travel. Transportation Research Record, 2464, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3141/2464-09
Sternberg, E. (2000). An integrative theory of urban design. Journal of the American Planning Association, 66, 3, 265-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360008976106
Sung, H. and Lee, S. (2015). Residential built environment and walking activity: empirical evidence of Jane Jacobs’ urban vitality. Transportation Research Part D, 41, 318-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.009
Thomas, C.J. and Bromley, R.D.F. (2003). Retail revitalization and small town centres: the contribution of shopping linkages. Applied Geography, 23, 47-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-6228(02)00068-1
Tian, G. & Ewing, R. (2017). A walk trip generation model for Portland, OR. Transportation Research Part D–Transport and Environment 52, 340-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRD.2017.03.017
Yang, W. and Zacharias, J. (2017). Choosing between tram and metro in Hong Kong–utility, affect and demographics. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 176, 131-141.
Zacharias, J. and He, J. (2018). Hong Kong’s urban planning experiment in enhancing pedestrian movement from underground space to the surface. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 82, 1-8.
Zecca C., Gaglione F., Laing R., Gargiulo C. (2020). Pedestrian routes and accessibility to urban services: An urban rhythmic analysis on people's behaviour during the Covid-19. TEMA–Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment 13, 2, 241-256. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/7051
Copyright (c) 2020 TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)