Public perceptions of barriers to walk in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan
Abstract
Development strategies in urban areas of the less developed world are predominantly focused on motorized oriented planning which influenced the mobility practices of individuals. Previous literature has examined the suitability of an integrated public transport system and the potential of cycling in the cities of Pakistan, but walkability received less attention by researchers. To bridge this gap and to enhance the practice of walkability, this study investigates the public perceptions of individuals about walkability constraints in Lahore, Pakistan. A structured based questionnaire survey was conducted by using online platforms. A valid sample of 277 responses were analysed further with weighted factor and regression analysis technique to investigate pedestrian’s perceptions of walkability constraints respectively. Findings indicate pedestrians’ dissatisfaction with existing walking infrastructure is due to ignorance of walkability in transport plans, policies, and strategies executed by the government organizations. The integration of walkability has been highly neglected by transport planners and policymakers. Further, significant walkability constraints are elaborated that need to be resolved to enhance walkability in urban areas for the pedestrians of different age, gender, and income group.
Downloads
References
Ahsan, M. (2019). "Making Unaffordable to Affordable: Looking into Affordable Housing Issues and Its Remedies", Architecture and Urban Planning, 15(1), 22-29.
Ali, R., Bakhsh, K., et al. (2019). "Impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economy: evidence from Pakistan", Sustainable Cities and Society, 48.
Al-Rashid, M. A., Goh, H. C., Harumain, Y. A. S., Ali, Z., Campisi, T., & Mahmood, T. (2021). Psychosocial barriers of public transport use and social exclusion among older adults: Empirical evidence from Lahore, Pakistan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(1), 185.
Al-Rashid, M. A., Nadeem, M., Campisi, T., Shamsul Harumain, Y. A., & Goh, H. C. (2022). How Do Psychosocial Barriers Shape Public Transport Use? A Mixed-Method Study among Older Adults in Pakistan. Sustainability, 14(19), 12471.
Anwer, I., Masoumi, H., Aslam, A. B., & Asim, M. (2021). Logit and probit models explaining perceived cycling motives, barriers, and biking trip generation in Lahore, Pakistan. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 14(3), 433-455.
Arvidsson, D., Kawakami, N., et al. (2012). "Physical activity and concordance between objective and perceived walkability", Med Sci Sports Exerc, 44(2).
Aslam, S. A. B., Masoumi, H. E., et al. (2018). "Cyclability in Lahore, Pakistan: Looking into Potential for Greener Urban Traveling", TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 11(3), 323-343.
Aziz, A., Nawaz, M. S., et al. (2018). "Examining suitability of the integrated public transport system: A case study of Lahore", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 117, 13-25.
Bahari, N. I., Arshad, A. K., et al. (2014). "Assessing pedestrians’ perspective on the walkability of pedestrian environment under mixed-use development", In InCIEC 2013, pp. 355-367. Springer, Singapore.
Balsas, C. J. L. (2019). Walkable Cities: Revitalization, Vibrancy, and Sustainable Consumption. SUNY Press.
Bharucha, J. (2017). "An investigation into the walkability problem in Indian cities", Safer Communities.
Cecchini, A., & Talu, V. (2011). Camminare (e pedalare) per trasformare la città. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 4(4), 99-108.
Clark, M. I., Berry, T. R., et al. (2010). "Key stakeholder perspectives on the development of walkable neighbourhoods", Health & Place 16(1): 43-50.
Clark, M. I., Berry, T. R., et al. (2010). "Key stakeholder perspectives on the development of walkable neighbourhoods", Health & Place, 16(1), 43-50.
Cohen, B. (2015). "Urbanization, City growth, and the New United Nations development agenda", Cornerstone, 3(2), 4-7.
De Nazelle, A., Bode, O., & Orjuela, J. P. (2017). Comparison of air pollution exposures in active vs. passive travel modes in European cities: A quantitative review. Environment international, 99, 151-160.
Fonseca, F., Ribeiro, P. J., Conticelli, E., Jabbari, M., Papageorgiou, G., Tondelli, S., & Ramos, R. A. (2022). “Built environment attributes and their influence on walkability”. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(7), 660-679.
Forsyth, A. (2015). "What is a walkable place? The walkability debate in urban design", Urban design international, 20(4), 274-292.
Foster, S., and Corti, B. G. (2008). "The built environment, neighborhood crime and constrained physical activity: an exploration of inconsistent findings", Preventive medicine, 47(3), 241-251.
Gaglione, F., Gargiulo, C., & Zucaro, F. (2019). Elders’ quality of life. A method to optimize pedestrian accessibility to urban services. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 12(3), 295-312.
Gargiulo, C., Zucaro, F., & Gaglione, F. (2018). A set of variables for the elderly accessibility in urban areas. TeMA-Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 53-66.
Grant, T. L., Edwards, N., et al. (2010). "Neighborhood walkability: older people’s perspectives from four neighborhoods in Ottawa, Canada", Journal of aging and physical activity, 18(3), 293-312.
Gray, J. A., Zimmerman, J. L., et al. (2012). "Built environment instruments for walkability, bikeability, and recreation: Disability and universal design relevant?", Disability and health journal, 5(2), 87-101.
Greenberg, M. R., and Renne, J. (2005). "Where does walkability matter the most? An environmental justice interpretation of New Jersey data", Journal of urban health, 82(1), 90-100.
Habib, S. S. (2006). "Air pollution by roadside dust and automobile exhaust at busy road-crossings of Lahore", Pak. J. Physiol, 2(2), 31-34.
Hameed, R., and Anjum, G. A. (2016). "Improving the Environmental performance of bus-based public Transport system in Lahore-Pakistan", Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
Haseeb, A., Saleemi, A., et al. (2018). "Spatial analysis for the identification of high-risk locations of road accidents with pedestrian fatalities in lahore", Pakistan Journal of Science, 70(4), 317.
Ibrahim, M., and Riaz, S. (2018). "Lahore growth-Past and future." Retrieved from http://urbanunit.gov.pk/Upload/Photos/Urban%20Gazette%20Issue%202018.pdf [accessed at 27.04.2020].
Imran, M., and Low, N. (2003). "Impact of global institutions on urban transport in Pakistan cities." In Proc. 39th ISoCaRP Congress.
Jabeen, T., Sunbal, M., et al. (2017). "Relationship between Women Mobility and Sexual Harassment: Empirical Study of Metropolitan City of Lahore", Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 9(4), 90.
Jafary, Z. A., and Faridi, I. A. (2006). "Air pollution by roadside dust and automobile exhaust at busy road-crossings of Lahore", Pakistan Journal of Physiology, 2(2), 20-23.
JICA. (2012). “The project for Lahore urban transport master plan “in the Islamic republic of Pakistan.” Transport Department, Government of Punjab 2. Available at (https://www.urbanunit.gov.pk/Upload/Photos/103.pdf) Accessed at 30.04.2020.
Jun, H. J., and Hur, M. (2015). "The relationship between walkability and neighborhood social environment: The importance of physical and perceived walkability", Applied Geography, 62, 115-124.
Kelly, C. E., Tight, M. R., et al. (2011). "A comparison of three methods for assessing the walkability of the pedestrian environment", Journal of Transport Geography, 19(6), 1500-1508.
Liao, B., van den Berg, P. E., van Wesemael, P. J., & Arentze, T. A. (2022). “Individuals' perception of walkability: Results of a conjoint experiment using videos of virtual environments”. Cities, 125, 103650.
Lo, C. (2010). "What are the Main Problems Individuals with Mobility Issues Encounter Daily in the Kingston Galloway Orton Park Neighbourhood?".
Lourenço, J., & Rahaman, K. R. (2010). Pedestrian Planning in City Centers: a Study of Guimarães and Braga. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 3(1), 37–46.
Lockett, D., Willis, A., et al. (2005). "Through seniors' eyes: an exploratory qualitative study to identify environmental barriers to and facilitators of walking", Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, 37(3).
Makki, S., Surat, M., et al. (2012). "The importance of design characteristics in walking from student’s perspective: a case study in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia", Journal of Building Performance, 3(1).
Malik, B. Z., Rehman, Z., et al. (2020). "Women's mobility via bus rapid transit: Experiential patterns and challenges in Lahore", Journal of Transport & Health, 17, 100834.
Mazzeo, G., Zucaro, F., & Morosini, R. (2019). Green is the colour. Standards, equipment and public spaces as paradigm for the Italian sustainable city. TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 12(1), 31-52.
Minhas, M. K., Rehman, Z. U., et al. (2016). "A study of factors influencing accidents on Lahore Islamabad motorway (m-2)", Pakistan Journal of Science, 68(1), 63.
Newman, P., and Kenworthy, J. (1999). Sustainability and cities: overcoming automobile dependence, Island press.
Ovstedal, L., and Ryeng, E. (2002). "Understanding pedestrian comfort in European cities: How to improve walking conditions", In European Transport Conference, Cambridge, UK, (6).
Pak, B., & Verbeke, J. (2013). “Walkability as a Performance Indicator for Urban Spaces”. Crowdsourcing and Sensing, 1, 423-432.
Pakistan, G. (2016). "Short Roundup on Transport Infrastructure in Pakistan." GALLUP Pakistan Affiliated with gallup international Pakistan's foremost social research lab. Retrieved from http://gallup.com.pk/wpcontent/uploads/2016/11/Gallup-Pakistan-Big-Data-Analysis-Series-Edition-2-on-Transportation-Infrastructure-in-Pakistan-2000-to-20151.pdf
Rad, V. B., Najafpour, H., et al. (2014). "The Systematic Review on Safety in Urban Neighborhoods", Life Science Journal, 11(10).
Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., et al. (2003). "Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures", Annals of behavioral medicine, 25(2), 80-91.
Shakeel, N., & Jahanzaib, M. (2019). Influence of land use, socio-demographic and travel attributes on travel behaviour in City of Lahore. Architecture and Urban Planning, 15(1), 67-74.
Southworth, M. (2005). "Designing the walkable city", Journal of urban planning and development, 131(4), 246-257.
Statistics, P. B. (PBS). (2017). District Wise Census Results Census 2017. Govt. of Pakistan. [accessed at 29.04.2020]. http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf
Strohmeier, F. (2016). "Barriers and their influence on the mobility behavior of elder pedestrians in urban areas: challenges and best practice for walkability in the city of Vienna", Transportation research procedia, 14, 1134-1143.
Tahir, M. N., Haworth, N., et al. et al. (2015). "Observations of road safety behaviours and practices of motorcycle rickshaw drivers in Lahore, Pakistan", In Proceedings of the 2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference, Australian College of Road Safety (ACRS).
Tariq, F., & Shakeel, N. (2021). Modeling and Predicting Commuters’ Travel Mode Choice in Lahore. Global Social Sciences Reviews VI(III), 106-118. DOI: 10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-III).12
Tiwari, G., Jain, D., et al. (2016). "Impact of public transport and non-motorized transport infrastructure on travel mode shares, energy, emissions and safety: Case of Indian cities", Transportation research part D: transport and environment, 44, 277-291.
U. N. (2014). "World urbanization prospects: The 2014 revision, highlights", United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN/DESA), Population Division. United Nations publication.
Zhang, X., Mu, L. (2020). “Incorporating Online Survey and Social Media Data into a GIS Analysis for Measuring Walkability”. In: Lu, Y., Delmelle, E. (eds) Geospatial Technologies for Urban Health. Global Perspectives on Health Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19573-1_8
Copyright (c) 2023 TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)