Nature-based solution for climate change adaptation and mitigation in urban areas with high natural risk
Proposals of possible measures for a municipality in the Vesuvius area
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the problematic containment of pollutant emissions worldwide, the process of global warming is inevitable. Moreover, in urban environments, due to the strong anthropisation of the spatial context, these phenomena are often accentuated (e.g. urban heat islands). At the same time, the detrimental effects of the aforementioned process are often combined with other pre-existing risks linked to urbanisation in areas of high natural risk (e.g. hydrogeological and volcanic risk).
In this context, the first examples of the application of measures for adaptation and mitigation of climate change in urban areas are recorded in formulating the latest generation of urban plans. In this respect, natural-based solutions (NBS) are becoming favoured. These measures have a twofold beneficial effect on the urban reality, i.e. adaptation to the effects of climate change and increased renaturalisation of the urban area, with consequent mitigation of other natural hazards.
The present contribution aims to offer an analysis of the main NBSs applicable in an urban context and on different scales (from urban to building) and an applicative example related to their integration into territorial governance tools. In particular, the municipality of Cercola, a territorial context with a high natural risk in the Vesuvian area, has been analysed as a case study.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, K.A., Abdullah, M.E., Hassan, N.A., Daura, H.A., & Ambak, K. (2017). A review of using porous asphalt pavement as an alternative to conventional pavement in stormwater treatment. World Journal of Engineering, 14(5), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJE-09-2016-0071.
ARPAC (2022). Bollettini qualità dell’aria. Retrieved from: https://arpacampania.clio.it/sito_temporaneo/atto.php?id=350, Accessed: 9/1/2023.
Autorità di Bacino Distrettuale dell’Appennino Meridionale. (2015). Piano Stralcio per l’Assetto Idrogeologico - Rischio idraulico (PSAI-RI). Retrieved from: https://www.distrettoappenninomeridionale.it/index.php/elaborati-di-piano-menu/bacini-reg-nord-occidentali-bacino-reg-sarno-ex-adb-reg-campania-centrale-menu/piano-assetto-idrogeologico-rischio-idraulico-menu. Accessed: 16/02/2023.
Balletto, G., Sinatra, M., Mura, R., & Borruso, G. (2022). Climate variation in metropolitan cities. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 15(3), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/9265.
Bayulken, B., Huisingh, D., & Fisher, P.M.J. (2021). How are nature based solutions helping in the greening of cities in the context of crises such as climate change and pandemics? A comprehensive review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 288, 125569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125569.
Bianchi, C.N. (2007). Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia, 580(1), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0469-5.
Boganini, L., & Casazza, C. (2017). Soilless Urban Temporary Agriculture as a Strategy for Brownfield Site Renewal BT. In A. Sayigh (Ed.), Mediterranean Green Buildings & Renewable Energy. 729-740. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30746-6.
Brodsky, O.L., Shek, K.L., Dinwiddie, D., Bruner, S.G., Gill, A.S., Hoch, J.M., Palmer, M.I., & McGuire, K.L. (2019). Microbial Communities in Bioswale Soils and Their Relationships to Soil Properties, Plant Species, and Plant Physiology. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1.10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02368.
Cai, X., Tan, J., Chen, H., Huang, M., & Huang, X. (2019). The Application of the Solid Waste Compost Products in Garden Plant Planting. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 688(3).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/688/3/033044.
Campania Region (2002). Piano Territoriale Paesistico dei comuni vesuviani. Retrieved from: http://cercola.asmenet.it/ Accessed: 22/01/2023.
Campania Region (2005). Piano Regionale di Risanamento e Mantenimento della qualità dell’aria. Retrieved from: https://www.regione. campania.it/assets/documents/Piano_regionale_di_risanamento.pdf. Accessed: 22/1/2023.
Campania Region (2006). Piano Strategico Operativo dell’area vesuviana. Retrieved from: https://www.cittametropolitana.na.it/ pianificazione_territoriale/piani_settore/piano_strategico_operativo. Accessed: 22/1/2023.
Campania Region (2008). Piano Territoriale Regionale (PTR).
Retrieved from: http://www.regione.campania.it/regione/it/tematiche/piano-territoriale-regionale-ptr Accessed: 24/1/2023.
Campania Region (2019). Piano di Tutela delle Acque (PTA). Retrieved from: http://www.regione.campania.it/regione /it/tematiche/acque/piano-di-tutela-delle-acque-2020-2026-j872?page=1. Accessed: 22/12/2023.
Chàfer, M., Pérez, G., Coma, J., & Cabeza, L.F. (2021). A comparative life cycle assessment between green walls and green facades in the Mediterranean continental climate. Energy and Buildings, 249, 111236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111236.
Cramer, W., Guiot, J., Fader, M., Garrabou, J., Gattuso, J.P., Iglesias, A., Lange, M.A., Lionello, P., Llasat, M.C., Paz, S., Peñuelas, J., Snoussi, M., Toreti, A., Tsimplis, M.N., & Xoplaki, E. (2018). Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean. Nature Climate Change, 8 (11), 972-980. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2.
de Oliveira, R.L.M., Santos, I.V., Graciano, G.F., Cunha Libânio, A.A., Kelli de Oliveira, L., & Bracarense, L. dos S.F.P. (2021). A sustainable approach for urban farming based on city logistics concepts for local production and consumption of vegetables. Research in Transportation Economics, 87, 101038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101038.
DeBusk, K., Hunt, B., & Sydorovych, O. (2010). Watershed retrofit and management evaluation for urban stormwater management systems in North Carolina. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010: Challenges of Change - Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010, 3911-3920. https://doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)398.
Ekka, S.A., Rujner, H., Leonhardt, G., Blecken, G.T., Viklander, M., & Hunt, W.F. (2021). Next generation swale design for stormwater runoff treatment: A comprehensive approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 279, 111756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111756.
Elliott, H., Eon, C., & Breadsell, J.K. (2020). Improving city vitality through urban heat reduction with green infrastructure and design solutions: A systematic literature review. Buildings, 10(12), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120219.
Fan, P., Ouyang, Z., Basnou, C., Pino, J., Park, H., & Chen, J. (2017). Nature-based solutions for urban landscapes under post-industrialization and globalization: Barcelona versus Shanghai. Environmental Research, 156, 272-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.043.
Ghose, R., & Pettygrove, M. (2014). Urban Community Gardens as Spaces of Citizenship. Antipode, 46(4), 1092-1112. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12077.
Guida, C. (2022). Energy saving and efficiency in urban environments: integration strategies and best practices. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 15(3), 517-531. https://doi.org/10.6093/1970-9870/9549.
Hinsley, S.A., & Bellamy, P.E. (2000). The influence of hedge structure, management and landscape context on the value of hedgerows to birds: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 60(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2000.0360.
Hou, C., Hou, J., Kang, Q., Meng, X., Wei, D., Liu, Z., & Zhang, L. (2018). Research on urban park design combined with the urban ventilation system. Energy Procedia, 152, 1133-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.139.
IPCC (2022). Annex II: Glossary [Möller, V., R. van iemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger (Eds.)]. In Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.029.2897.
ISPRA (2022). Il consumo di suolo in Italia. Retrived from: https://geoportale.arpa.piemonte.it/. Accessed: 5/1/2023.
ISTAT (2011). Censimento della popolazione e abitazioni. Retrieved from: https://www.istat.it/it/censimenti-permanenti/censimenti-precedenti/popolazione-e-abitazioni/popolazione-2011. Accessed: 12/2/2023.
ISTAT (2022). Principali statistiche geografiche sui comuni. Retrieved from: https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224. Accessed: 12/2/2023.
Jenks, M., & Jones, C. (2008). Dimensions of the sustainable city. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8647-2.
Johnson, B. A., Kumar, P., Okano, N., Dasgupta, R., & Shivakoti, B. R. (2022). Nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Nature-Based Solutions, 2, 100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbsj.2022.100042.
Karimi, K., Farrokhzad, M., Roshan, G., & Aghdasi, M. (2022). Evaluation of effects of a green wall as a sustainable approach on reducing energy use in temperate and humid areas. Energy and Buildings, 262, 112014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112014.
Kazemi, F., Rabbani, M., & Jozay, M. (2020). Investigating the plant and air-quality performances of an internal green wall system under hydroponic conditions. Journal of Environmental Management, 275, 111230.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111230.
Kozai, T., Niu, G., & Takagaki, M. (2019). Plant factory: an indoor vertical farming system for efficient quality food production. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2014-0-01039-8.
Lanzi, M. (2016). Drosscape e reti di nuova urbanità nell’area orientale di Napoli. In G. Punziano (Ed.), Società, economia e spazio a Napoli. Esplorazioni e riflessioni. L’Aquila: GSSI Social Sciences.
Lionello, P., Abrantes, F., Gacic, M., Planton, S., Trigo, R., & Ulbrich, U. (2014). The climate of the Mediterranean region: research progress and climate change impacts. Regional Environmental Change, 14(5), 1679-1684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-014-0666-0.
Lionello, P., & Scarascia, L. (2018). The relation between climate change in the Mediterranean region and global warming. Regional Environmental Change, 18(5), 1481-1493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1290-1.
Lubna, F.A., Lewus, D.C., Shelford, T.J., & Both, A.J. (2022). What You May Not Realize about Vertical Farming. Horticulturae, 8(4), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040322.
MacDonald, D.W., & Johnson, P.J. (1995). The Relationship Between Bird Distribution and the Botanical and Structural Characteristics of Hedges. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32(3), 492-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/2404647.
Maher, B.A., Ahmed, I.A.M., Davison, B., Karloukovski, V., & Clarke, R. (2013). Impact of roadside tree lines on indoor concentrations of traffic-derived particulate matter. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(23), 13737-13744. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404363m.
Mamun, A. Al, Hayat, N., Malarvizhi, C.A.N., & Zainol, N.R.B. (2020). Economic and environmental sustainability through green composting: A study among low-income households. Sustainability, 12(16), 6488.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166488.
Marchetti, M., Sallustio, L., Ottaviano, M., Barbati, A., Corona, P., Tognetti, R., Zavattero, L., & Capotorti, G. (2012). Carbon sequestration by forests in the National Parks of Italy. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 146(4), 1001-1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2012.738715.
Mazzeo, G. (2013). City and Energy Infrastructures between Economic Processes and Urban Planning. TeMA - Journal of
Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 6(3), 311-324. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/1929.
Mazzeo, G. (2016). La città leggera: Smart City e urbanistica attuativa. Napoli: FedOA Press. https://doi.org/10.6093/978-88-6887-008-9.
Mazzeo, G. (2021). Sulla pianificazione territoriale in Italia. Cronache, testimonianze, prospettive. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
Metropolitan City of Naples (2013). Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento (PTC). Retrieved from: https://www.cittametropolitana.na.it/ pianificazione_territoriale/ptcp Accessed: 21/01/2023.
Metropolitan City of Naples (2022). Piano Territoriale Metropolitano (PTM). Retrieved from: https://www.cittametropolitana.na.it/ documenti2. Accessed: 21/01/2023.
Morash, J., Wright, A., LeBleu, C., Meder, A., Kessler, R., Brantley, E., & Howe, J. (2019). Increasing sustainability of residential areas using rain gardens to improve pollutant capture, biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Sustainability, 11(12), 3269. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11123269.
Municipality of Cercola (2019). Piano Urbanistico Comunale. Retrieved from: http://cercola.asmenet.it/. Accessed: 15/12/2023.
Naskali, A.T., Pinarer, O., & Tolga, A.C. (2022). Vertical Farming: Under Climate Change Effect BT. In C.M. Galanakis (Ed.), Environment and Climate-smart Food Production. 259-284. Berlin: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71571-7_8.
Newman, P. (2006). The environmental impact of cities. Environment and Urbanization, 18(2), 275-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247806069599.
O’Connor, D., Zheng, X., Hou, D., Shen, Z., Li, G., Miao, G., O’Connell, S., & Guo, M. (2019). Phytoremediation: Climate change resilience and sustainability assessment at a coastal brownfield redevelopment. Environment International, 130, 104945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104945.
Oral, H.V., Carvalho, P., Gajewska, M., Ursino, N., Masi, F., van Hullebusch, E.D., Kazak, J.K., Exposito, A., Cipolletta, G., Andersen, T.R., Finger, D.C., Simperler, L., Regelsberger, M., Rous, V., Radinja, M., Buttiglieri, G., Krzeminski, P., Rizzo, A., Dehghanian, K., … Zimmermann, M. (2020). A review of nature-based solutions for urban water management in European circular cities: A critical assessment based on case studies and literature. Blue-Green Systems, 2(1), 112-136. https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.932.
Papa, R., & Mazzeo, G. (2014). Characteristics of Sprawl in the Naples Metropolitan Area. Indications for Controlling and Monitoring Urban Transformations. In B. Murgante, S. Misra, A.M.A.C. Rocha, C. Torre, J.G. Rocha, M.I. Falcão, D. Taniar, B.O. Apduhan, & O. Gervasi (Eds.). Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2014. 520-531. Berlin: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09129-7_38.
Pelorosso, R., Gobattoni, F., Ripa, M.N., & Leone, A. (2018). Second law of thermodynamics and urban green infrastructure - A knowledge synthesis to address spatial planning strategies. TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 11(1), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/5326.
Petreje, M., Sněhota, M., Chorazy, T., Novotný, M., Rybová, B., & Hečková, P. (2023). Performance study of an innovative concept of hybrid constructed wetland-extensive green roof with growing media amended with recycled materials. Journal of Environmental Management, 331, 117151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117151.
Purvis, R.A., Winston, R.J., Hunt, W.F., Lipscomb, B., Narayanaswamy, K., McDaniel, A., Lauffer, M.S., & Libes, S. (2018). Evaluating the water quality benefits of a bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA. Water, 10(2), 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020134.
Scalenghe, R., & Ajmone-Marsan, F. (2009). The anthropogenic sealing of soils in urban areas. Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(1-2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.10.011.
Strauss, B.H., Kulp, S.A., Rasmussen, D.J., & Levermann, A. (2021). Unprecedented threats to cities from multi-century sea level rise. Environmental Research Letters, 16(11), 114015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2e6b.
Susca, T., Zanghirella, F., Colasuonno, L., & Del Fatto, V. (2022). Effect of green wall installation on urban heat island and building energy use: A climate-informed systematic literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, 112100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112100.
Susorova, I. (2015). 5 - Green facades and living walls: vertical vegetation as a construction material to reduce building cooling loads. In F. Pacheco-Torgal, J.A. Labrincha, L.F. Cabeza, & C.-G.B.T.-E.-E.M. for M.B.C.N. Granqvist (Eds.), Eco-efficient Materials for Mitigating Building Cooling Needs. Design, Properties and Applications. 127-153. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-380-5.00005-4
Tong, P., Yin, H., Wang, Z., & Trivers, I. (2022). Combining Stormwater Management and Park Services to Mitigate Climate Change and Improve Human Well-Being: A Case Study of Sponge City Parks in Shanghai. Land, 11(9), 1589. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091589.
Tsubota, T., Fernando, C., Yoshii, T., & Shirayanagi, H. (2018). Effect of Road Pavement Types and Ages on Traffic Accident Risks. Transportation Research Procedia, 34, 211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.11.034.
Ulbrich, U., May, W., Li, L., Lionello, P., Pinto, J. G., & Somot, S. (2006). The Mediterranean climate change under global
warming. In P. Lionello, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, & R.B.T.-D. in E. and E.S. Boscolo (Eds.), Mediterranean. 4, 399-415. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-9197(06)80011-X.
van den Berg, A.E., Wesselius, J.E., Maas, J., & Tanja-Dijkstra, K. (2017). Green Walls for a Restorative Classroom Environment: A Controlled Evaluation Study. Environment and Behavior, 49(7), 791-813.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516667976.
Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J.P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities “just green enough.” Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234-244.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.
Ysebaert, T., Koch, K., Samson, R., & Denys, S. (2021). Green walls for mitigating urban particulate matter pollution. A review. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 59, 127014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127014.
Zehnsdorf, A., Willebrand, K.C.U., Trabitzsch, R., Knechtel, S., Blumberg, M., & Müller, R.A. (2019). Wetland roofs as an attractive option for decentralized water management and air conditioning enhancement in growing cities-A review. Water, 11(9), 1845. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091845.
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., & Zhai, J. (2021). Home Garden With Eco-Healing Functions Benefiting Mental Health and Biodiversity During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.740187.
Zoppi, C. (2020). Ecosystem services, green infrastructure and spatial planning. Sustainability, 12(11), 10-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114396.
Copyright (c) 2023 TeMA - Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following:
1. Authors retain the rights to their work and give in to the journal the right of first publication of the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution that allows others to share the work indicating the authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors can adhere to other agreements of non-exclusive license for the distribution of the published version of the work (ex. To deposit it in an institutional repository or to publish it in a monography), provided to indicate that the document was first published in this journal.
3. Authors can distribute their work online (ex. In institutional repositories or in their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and it can increase the quotations of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access)